Sorghum Diseases in India

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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas. Severe damage has not been reported. Grain molds. (Curvularia spp, Fusarium spp, Alternaria spp.) These are important on the coastal areas of Mexico, including Tamaulipas. Curvularia spp, present in 90% of the molded heads, are the most common, followed by Fusarium spp. Storage molds. These include several species; they occur occasionally in some areas, but are not reported to be important. Abiotic Diseases Chlorosis. (Iron deficiency.) It is common in the most important sorghum-growing areas of Mexico; entire fields of dwarf-yellowing plants appear. The problem has been more severe in recent years. At Guanajuato, an estimated 10 000 ha are iron-deficient, and the chlorosis can prevent grain yields. The condition is common in calcareous soils with iron deficiencies. In 1985, two lines were identified as tolerant to iron deficiency when grown in a greenhouse; resistance was later verified in field trials (Gonzalez and Galvan 1987). Tolerance of iron deficiency is being incorporated into elite material, and studies on the inheritance to this character are underway. Pesticide injury. Chemical damage to sorghum plants is now a common problem in Mexico, becoming more so as chemical control of greenbugs is becoming more important. Many of the organophosphate products can burn up to 80% of the foliar area, reducing yields by an estimated 5% or more. Herbicides such as parafuat produce similar damages. Most of the RTAM 428 hybrids will show pesticide damage because the pollinator is susceptible to parathion. Salt damage. It is caused because of salt residues from irrigation waters, occuring in large areas in northern Tamaulipas. Data on the area affected are not available, but the problem is increasingly important. Some hybrids seem to be more tolerant of salt than others. In severely affected areas, sorghum cannot be produced profitably. 82 Mycoplasm Diseases Yellow sorghum stunt It is the only sorghum disease known to be caused by a mycoplasm. It occurs occasionally in central Mexico, but incidence in susceptible lines has not been greater than 10% (Narro and Betancourt 1983). Research Strategies in Mexico Sorghum disease problems in Mexico are being approached mainly through the development ofresistant hybrids and studies of chemical control. At Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas, research is focused on downy mildew and head smut. At Celaya, Guanajuato, the program includes studies of stalk rot and head blight, virus diseases, rust, and leaf blight. At Ocotlan, Jalisco, a program is underway for leaf blight and stalk rot resistance. Mexico wishes to reinforce its sorghum research programs by: 1. Training personnel in sorghum pathology. 2. Determining yield losses to diseases. 3. Promoting international cooperation through establishing international disease nurseries, sharing elite resistance inbreds, and control technologies. Acknowledgment. The authors express their gratitude to Leopoldo Mendoza Onofre for his assistance, and to agronomists Flores Gaxiola, J. Abel, A. Viscaino Guardado, Grajales Solis, M. Teniente Oviedo, Rodrigo F. J. Cruz, Ch. F. Monjaras. A., for information on sorghum diseases in southern Mexico. References Aguirre, R.J. 1984a. Razas fisiologicas del carbon de la panoja en el cultivo de sorgo en el norte de Tamaulipas. Page 73 in Proceedings XI Congreso Nacional de Fitopatologia, San Luis Potosi, 16- 18 Jul 1984. Aguirre, RJ. 1984b. Patotipos de mildiu velloso en el cultivo de sorgho—en el norte de Tamaulipas. Page 74 in Proceedings XI Congreso National de Fitopatologia, San Luis Potosi, 16-18 Jul 1984.
Aguirre, R.J. 1986. Informe parcial del grupo interdisciplinario de sorgo. Internal Report R85- 1986. Rio Bravo, Tamps. National Institute of the Forest, Agricultural, and Livestock Research (Mexico). Betancourt, V.A. 1980. Sorghum diseases in Mexico. Pages 22-28 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyberabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Betancourt, V.A. (In Press). Patotipos de downy mildew. Segunda Reunion Nacional sobre sorgo, 14-17 Oct 1986. Escuela Superior de Agricultura, UAS, Sinaloa, Mexico. Betancourt, V.A., and Narro, S.J. 1983. Yellow sorghum stunt: a new disease of sorghum in Mexico. Page 77 in Proceedings, Thirteenth Biennial Grain-Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference 22-24 Feb 1983, Brownsville, Texas, USA. de la Garza, J.L. 1980. Enfermedades del sorgo en la region de Anahuac, N. L. Page 10 in Proceedings IX Congreso Nacional de Fitopatologia, Uruapan Michoacan, 16-18 Jul 1980. Delgadillo, J.H. 1983. Aislamiento, cultivo y esporulacion de Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, causante de la pudricion del tallo en sorgo - (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). BSc. thesis, Universidad de Guadalajara, Escuela de Agricultura, Guadalajara, Mexico. Distancia A., and Betancourt, V.A. 1984. Effects of sowing date on yield and disease in commercial sorghum hybrids at Jalisco, Mexico. Sorghum Newsletter 27:119. Frederiksen, R.A., Betancourt, V.A., and Schuh, W. 1983. Disease control using fungicides in the Bajio. Pages 86-88 in Proceedings, Thirteenth Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, 22-12 Feb 1983, Brownsville, Texas, USA. Gonzalez, M.J., and Galvan, C.F. 1987. Eficiencia de genotipos de sorgo en la utilizacion de Fe. Page 135 in Proceedings, XI Congreso Nacional de Fitogenetica, 25-28 Aug 1986. Facultad de Agricultura, Universidad de Guadalajara. Hernandez, M.M., Narro, S.J., and Betancourt, V.A. 1982. Chemical control of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) C. G. Shaw at "El Bajio" at Michoacan, Mexico. Sorghum Newsletter 25: 119-120. Hernandez, M.M., Narro, S.J., and Betancourt, V.A. 1983. Races of head smut (Spacelotheca reiliana) Kiihn Clint at the Bajio of Guanajuato and Michoacan, Mexico. Sorghum Newsletter 26: 118.45 Hernandez, M.M., Mendoza, O.L.E., and Osada, K.S. 1987a. Inoculation de sorgo en antesis con Fusarium moniliforme (Sheld). S. & H. mediante palillo y jeringa en pedunculo y tercer entrenudo basal. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia (SC1):27-31. Hernandez, M.M., Mendoza, O.L.E., Ortiz, C.J., and Osada, K.S. 1987b. Efecto del tizon de la panoja, Fusarium moniliforme (Sheld.) S. & H. En el rendimiento de grano en sorgo. Page 89 in Proceedings, XIV Congreso Nacional de Fitopatologia, 15-17 Jul 1987, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. Hen-era, J.A., and Betancourt, V.A. 1986. Distribution of races of head smut (Sporisorium reilianum) inthe northeast and southwest areas of Mexico. Sorghum Newsletter 29:86. Martinez, A.J. 1984. Informe anual del programa de sorgo. CAEB-CIAB-INIFAP. Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Narro, S.J. 1984. Programa de Fitopatologia del sorgo CAEB-CIAB-INIA-SARH. Pages 381-403 in Proceedings, Primera Reunion Nacional sobre Sorgo, 22-26 Oct 1984, Facultad de Agronomia, UANL, Marin, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Narro, S.J., and Betancourt, V.A. 1983. Reaction of selected sorghum lines to Fusarium stalk rot and head blight at El Bajio, Mexico. Pages 78-79 in Proceedings, Thirteenth Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, 22- 24 Feb 1983, Brownsville, Texas, USA. Narro, S.J., and Delgadillo, S.F. 1985. Identifica- 83
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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