Sorghum Diseases in India

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eilianum). Both hybrids have females developed for the Bajio and their pollinator is RTx 430 (Williams 1980). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the sorghum diseases spread to other sorghum-producing areas. In Guanajuato, sorghum downy mildew and head blight (Fusarium monilifonne) were reported as prevalent (Narro et al. 1983). In Michoacan and Jalisco, leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), rust (Puccinia purpurea), downy mildew, stalk rot, and head blight appeared (Betancourt 1980). Areas such as Nuevo Leon were affected mainly by downy mildew, head smut, rust, leaf blight, maize dwany mosaic virus (MDMV) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) (De la Garza 1980). At present, field data on the effects of these diseases on yield have not been recorded, but it has been estimated that they are responsible for 10-15% of the crop losses, and thus are second after weeds in sorghum problems in Mexico. The diseases of sorghum in Mexico are grouped into nine classes. Diseases are grouped according to their presence during crop development; the prevalence, importance, and distribution of each group is described in Table 1. Table 1. Relative prevalence, importance, and distribution of sorghum diseases in Mexico, 1987. Disease Seedling Fusarium spp, Pythium spp, Rizoctonia spp, and Aspergillus spp Prevalence 1 Importance 2 Distribution + 1 Tamaulipas, Jalisco, Guanajuato Downy mildews Sorghum: Peronosclerospora sorghi ++ 2 Tamaulipas, Michoacan, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Veracruz, Nayarit, Colima, Morelos, Chiapas Crazy top: Sclerophthora macrospora + 1 Tamaulipas, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Veracruz, Chiapas, Nuevo Leon, Morelos Virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) ++ 2 Guanajuato, Jalisco, Tamaulipas, Chiapas, Veracruz, Morelos, Colima Foliar Leaf blight: Exserohilum turcicum +++ 3 Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato, Nayarit, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Morelos, Veracruz, Campeche Leaf anthracnose: Colletotrichum graminicola Zonate leaf spot: Gloeocercospora sorghi ++ 2 Tamaulipas, Nayarit, Veracruz, Nuevo Leon, Jalisco, Guanajuato ++ 2 Jalisco, Yucatan, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Morelos, Chiapas, Nuevo Leon, Michoacan Gray leaf spot: Cercospora sorghi ++ 2 Tamaulipas, Yucatan, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Campeche, Veracruz, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan Bacterial leaf streak: Xanthomonas campestris pv. holcicola Bacterial leaf stripe: Pseudomonas andropogoni + 2 Guanajuato, Sinaloa, Sonora, Jalisco, Yucatan, Morelos + 1 Tamaulipas, Chiapas, Jalisco, Yucatan, Campeche, Guanajuato, Michoacan Sooty stripe + 0 Jalisco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Campeche 76 Continued
Table 1. Continued. Disease Bacterial sun spot: Pseudomonas spp Prevalence 1 Importance 2 Distribution + 0 Guanajuato, Morelos Rust: Puccinia purpurea ++ 2 Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon Smuts Head smut: Sporisorium reilianum ++ 3 Tamaulipas, Michoacan, Sinaloa, Guanajuato, Nuevo Leon, Nayarit, Colima, State of Mexico Covered kernel smut: Sporisorium sorghi Loose kernel smut: Sphacelotheca cruenta Root and stalk rot Stalk rot: Fusarium moniliforme Charcoal rot: Macrophomina phaseolina Anthracnose stalk rot: Colletotrichum graminicola Pokkah boeng: Fusarium mon iliforme Acremonium wilt: Acremonium striatum Panicle and seed Grain mold: Curvulari spp Fusarium spp and Alternaria spp + 0 Sinaloa, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, Jalisco, Morelos + +++ 0 3 Sinaloa, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacan, Tamaulipas, Morelos Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Colima ++ 3 Tamaulipas, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Colima, Veracruz, Jalisco, Guanajuato + 2 Tamaulipas, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Veracruz, Guanajuato, Michoacan + 1 Jalisco, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, Michoacan + 0 Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, Morelos ++ 2 Tamaulipas, Nayarit, Veracruz, Colima, Michoacan, Guanajuato Head blight: Fusarium moniliforme +++ 3 Guanajuato, Michoacan, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon Fungi storage: Aspergillus spp, Penicillum spp, Phoma spp, Alternaria spp, Curvularia spp, and Botrytis spp + 1 Jalisco, Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, Michoacan Abiotic Chlorosis (Iron deficiency) ++ 2 Guanajuato, Michoacan, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon Pesticide injury + 1 Guanajuato, Michoacan, Tamaulipas, Jalisco Salt damage + 1 Tamaulipas Mycoplasm Yellow sorghum stunt + 1 Guanajuato, Veracruz, Morelos 1. + = occasionally present, ++ = commonly present, and +++ = generally found on most plants in most fields. 2. 0 = causing no loss, 1 = minor importance, 2 = moderate importance, and 3 = a major deterrent at times to crop production. 77
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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