Sorghum Diseases in India

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land tenure that limits increases in sorghum hectarage. In southern the Honduras, sorghum production is being displaced by cattle ranching (DeWalt and DeWalt 1984). Before 1979, most sorghum farmers in Nicaragua used no fertilizers (Rizo and Obando Solis 1979); sorghum yields were low. According to FAO reports, there has been a dramatic increase in sorghum production during the last 6 years. The total sorghum-producing area in Nicaragua increased by nearly 50%; more importantly, yields were 67% higher. Total sorghum production increased by 143%. Increases in sorghum production in Central America must be based on higher yields. Reaching higher yields requires the development and use of higher-yielding cultivars with improved disease resistance; fertilizers must also become available to the resource-poor farmer in order for him to maximize his yields. Finally, technical assistance must follow to help these farmers cope with new pest problems that are sure to come with the introduction of new cultivars or the use of fertilizers or with other changes in the cropping system. References Bandyopadhyay, R., Mughogho, L.K., and Satyanaxayana, M.V. 1987. Systemic infection of sorghum by Acremonium strictum and its transmission through seed. Plant Disease 71:647-650. Castellanos, S., Dardon, O., Ozaeta, M., Soto, G., and Cordova, H. 1982. Mildiu en maiz, descripcion, incidencia, y metodos de control en Guatemala. Folleto tecnico 19: ICTA, Guatemala. 24 pp. Clara, R., Cordova, R.H., and Coty Amaya, H. 1984. El programa de mejoramiento genetico del sorgo del Centro de Tecnologia Agricola. Pages 100-108 in Memoria III reunion anual de la Comision Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Sorgo, 18-24 Nov 1984, San Salvador, El Salvador. San Andres, El Salvador: CENTA/ ICRISAT Coissy, H.T., Saint Phard, J., and Prophete, E. 1979. Reporte nacional; Haiti. Pages 138-145 in Control integrado de plagas en sistemas de pro- 72 duccion para pequenos agricultores, Vol. III. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE-UC/USAID-OIRAS. Contreras, S., and Barahona, M. 1974. Evaluacion del porcentaje natural de parasitismo efectuado por el micoparasito Darluca sp. en la roya del maiz (Puccinia sorghi Scha). SIADES 3(1):7- 10. DeWalt, B.R., and DeWalt, K.M. 1984. Sistemas de cultivo en Pespire, sur de the Honduras: un enfoque de agroecosistemas. Estudios antropologicos e historicos 4. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Instituto Hondureno de Antropologia e Historia e INTSORMIL. 88 pp. Escobedo, J., Cano, M., and Gamboa, R. 1979. Reporte nacional; Guatemala. Pages 97-122 in Control integrado de plagas en sistemas de produccion de cultivos para pequenos agricultores. Vol. III. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE-US/US- AID-OIRSA. FAO 1985. FAO Production Yearbook. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fernandez, K.D., and Meckenstock, D.H 1987. Virulencia de Peronosclerospora sorghi en the Honduras. In Memoria de la XXXIII reunion anual del PCCMCA (Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Majoramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios) 30 Mar to 4 Apr 1987. Guatemala, Guatemala:ICTA. Frederiksen, R.A. (ed.). 1986. Compendium of Sorghum Diseases. St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society. 82 pp. Fuentes, J.S., and Salguero, E.R, 1983. Sistemas de cultivos practicados en Guatemala para la producci6n de maiz, frijol, y sorgo. Pages 230- 243 in Proceedings of the plant breeding methods and approaches in sorghum workshop for Latin America, 11-15 Apr 1983, Texcoco, Mexico: INTSORMIL-INIA-ICRISAT/CIMMYT. Harris, E. 1960. Ramulispora sorghicola sp. nov. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 43(1):80-84. Hawkins, R., Smith, M., and Arias Milla, R. 1983. Sistemas de cultivo de sorgo en Centro
America: importancia, localizacion y caracteristicas. Pages 207-229 in Proceedings of the plant breeding methods and approaches in sorghum workshop for Latin America, 11-15 Apr 1983. Texcoco, Mexico: INTSORMIL-INIA-ICRI- SAT/CIMMYT. Herrera, A.V., and de Palomo, M.T. 1984. Elaboracion de productos a base de grano de sorgo. Pages 176-185 in Memoria HI reunion anual de al Comision Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Sorgo, 18-24 Nov 1984, San Salvador, El Salvador. San Andres, El Salvador: CENTA/ ICRISAT. Jimenez, D.M. 1984. Resumen de investigacion en sorgo, (Sorghum bicolor) en Panama. Pages 160-168 in Memoria III reunion anual de la Comision Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Sorgo, 18-24 Nov 1984, San Salvador, El Salvador. San Andres, El Salvador: CENTA/ ICRISAT. Meckenstock, D.H., and Wall, G.C. 1987. Enfermedades de sorgo en the Honduras; su importancia y estrategias para su control. In Memoria del taller sobre Los maicillos criollos y otros sorgos en Meso-America: produccion, utilizacion y mejoramiento, 7-11 Dec 1987, Tegucigalpa, the Hondoras, Secretaria de Recursos Naturales, Tegucigalpa, the Honduras: SRN-IN- TSORMIL-ICRISAT/CLAIS-AID/H. Nolasco, R., Meckenstock, D.H., and Wall, G.C. 1984. Informe del proyecto nacional de sorgo en the Honduras. Pages 144-149 in Memoria HI reuni6n anual del la Comision Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Sorgo, 18-24 Nov 1984, San Salvador, El Salvador. San Andres, El SalvadonCENTA/ICRISAT. Perez Duverge, R., Celado Montero, R., and Caraballo, A. 1984. Investigaciones sobre el cultivo del sorgo en Republica Dominicana. Pages 150-159 in Memoria III reunion anual de la Comision Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Sorgo, 18-24 Nov 1984, San Salvador, El Salvador. San Andres, El Salvador :CENTA/ ICRISAT. Rizo, M.P., and Obando Solis, R. 1979. Reporte nacional; Nicaragua. Pages 51-75 in Control integrado de plagas en sistemas de produccion de cultivos para pequenos agricultores. Vol. III. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE-UC/USAID-OIRSA. Wall, G.C. 1980. The present status of sorghum diseases in El Salvador. Pages 18-21 in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. Wall, G.C., 1986. A study of sorghum diseases in the Honduras, their importance under different cropping systems, and strategies for their control. Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. 108 pp. Wall, G.C., Craig, J., Meckenstock, D.H., Nolasco, R., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1986. Efecto de Peronosclerospora sorghi en el rendimiento de Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench. In Memoria de la XXXII reunion anual del PCCMCA (Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de los Cultivos Alimenticios), 17-22 Mar 1986, San Salvador, El Salvador. San Andres, EI Salvador: CENTA. Wall, G.C., Mughogho, L.K., Frederiksen, R.A., and Odvody, G. N. 1987. A foliar disease of sorghum species caused by Cercospora fusimaculans. Plant Disease 71:759-760. 73
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11:
Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29:
References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133:
isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135:
and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140:
Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143:
Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
Page 176 and 177:
Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179:
Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183:
pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185:
the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211:
Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214:
Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216:
ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224:
Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243:
Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245:
Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 250 and 251:
Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255:
Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259:
Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261:
Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263:
Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269:
other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271:
Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
Page 272 and 273:
ulum dynamics in disease developmen
Page 274 and 275:
Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279:
high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281:
20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
Page 292 and 293:
Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297:
Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301:
Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303:
Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311:
Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313:
McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
Page 314 and 315:
In recent years, the government has
Page 316 and 317:
Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321:
Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323:
Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
Page 324 and 325:
population densities for optimum yi
Page 326 and 327:
example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330:
Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
Page 333 and 334:
most elite lines are placed eventua
Page 335 and 336:
Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
Page 339:
Part 6 Building for the Future
Page 342 and 343:
orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
Page 344 and 345:
fully established the pearl millet
Page 346 and 347:
4. Using male sterile and fertile c
Page 348 and 349:
of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353:
Each member of the discussion group
Page 355:
Appendix
Page 358 and 359:
develop technologies that can enabl
Page 360 and 361:
Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
Page 362 and 363:
Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
Page 364 and 365:
Guiragossian: Farmers and children
Page 366 and 367:
Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
Page 368 and 369:
zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
Page 370 and 371:
say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
Page 372 and 373:
the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
Page 376 and 377:
If it is argued that oospore infect
Page 378 and 379:
Craig: On the basis of our experien
Page 380:
Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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