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Sorghum Diseases in India

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land tenure that limits <strong>in</strong>creases <strong>in</strong> sorghum hectarage.<br />

In southern the Honduras, sorghum production<br />

is be<strong>in</strong>g displaced by cattle ranch<strong>in</strong>g<br />

(DeWalt and DeWalt 1984).<br />

Before 1979, most sorghum farmers <strong>in</strong> Nicaragua<br />

used no fertilizers (Rizo and Obando<br />

Solis 1979); sorghum yields were low. Accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />

to FAO reports, there has been a dramatic <strong>in</strong>crease<br />

<strong>in</strong> sorghum production dur<strong>in</strong>g the last 6<br />

years. The total sorghum-produc<strong>in</strong>g area <strong>in</strong><br />

Nicaragua <strong>in</strong>creased by nearly 50%; more importantly,<br />

yields were 67% higher. Total sorghum<br />

production <strong>in</strong>creased by 143%.<br />

Increases <strong>in</strong> sorghum production <strong>in</strong> Central<br />

America must be based on higher yields. Reach<strong>in</strong>g<br />

higher yields requires the development and<br />

use of higher-yield<strong>in</strong>g cultivars with improved<br />

disease resistance; fertilizers must also become<br />

available to the resource-poor farmer <strong>in</strong> order<br />

for him to maximize his yields. F<strong>in</strong>ally, technical<br />

assistance must follow to help these farmers<br />

cope with new pest problems that are sure to<br />

come with the <strong>in</strong>troduction of new cultivars or<br />

the use of fertilizers or with other changes <strong>in</strong> the<br />

cropp<strong>in</strong>g system.<br />

References<br />

Bandyopadhyay, R., Mughogho, L.K., and Satyanaxayana,<br />

M.V. 1987. Systemic <strong>in</strong>fection of<br />

sorghum by Acremonium strictum and its transmission<br />

through seed. Plant Disease 71:647-650.<br />

Castellanos, S., Dardon, O., Ozaeta, M., Soto,<br />

G., and Cordova, H. 1982. Mildiu en maiz, descripcion,<br />

<strong>in</strong>cidencia, y metodos de control en<br />

Guatemala. Folleto tecnico 19: ICTA, Guatemala.<br />

24 pp.<br />

Clara, R., Cordova, R.H., and Coty Amaya, H.<br />

1984. El programa de mejoramiento genetico del<br />

sorgo del Centro de Tecnologia Agricola. Pages<br />

100-108 <strong>in</strong> Memoria III reunion anual de la Comision<br />

Lat<strong>in</strong>oamericana de Investigadores en<br />

Sorgo, 18-24 Nov 1984, San Salvador, El Salvador.<br />

San Andres, El Salvador: CENTA/<br />

ICRISAT<br />

Coissy, H.T., Sa<strong>in</strong>t Phard, J., and Prophete, E.<br />

1979. Reporte nacional; Haiti. Pages 138-145 <strong>in</strong><br />

Control <strong>in</strong>tegrado de plagas en sistemas de pro-<br />

72<br />

duccion para pequenos agricultores, Vol. III. Turrialba,<br />

Costa Rica: CATIE-UC/USAID-OIRAS.<br />

Contreras, S., and Barahona, M. 1974. Evaluacion<br />

del porcentaje natural de parasitismo efectuado<br />

por el micoparasito Darluca sp. en la roya<br />

del maiz (Pucc<strong>in</strong>ia sorghi Scha). SIADES 3(1):7-<br />

10.<br />

DeWalt, B.R., and DeWalt, K.M. 1984. Sistemas<br />

de cultivo en Pespire, sur de the Honduras:<br />

un enfoque de agroecosistemas. Estudios antropologicos<br />

e historicos 4. Tegucigalpa, Honduras:<br />

Instituto Hondureno de Antropologia e<br />

Historia e INTSORMIL. 88 pp.<br />

Escobedo, J., Cano, M., and Gamboa, R. 1979.<br />

Reporte nacional; Guatemala. Pages 97-122 <strong>in</strong><br />

Control <strong>in</strong>tegrado de plagas en sistemas de produccion<br />

de cultivos para pequenos agricultores.<br />

Vol. III. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE-US/US-<br />

AID-OIRSA.<br />

FAO 1985. FAO Production Yearbook. Rome,<br />

Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the<br />

United Nations.<br />

Fernandez, K.D., and Meckenstock, D.H 1987.<br />

Virulencia de Peronosclerospora sorghi en the<br />

Honduras. In Memoria de la XXXIII reunion anual<br />

del PCCMCA (Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano<br />

para el Majoramiento de Cultivos<br />

Alimenticios) 30 Mar to 4 Apr 1987. Guatemala,<br />

Guatemala:ICTA.<br />

Frederiksen, R.A. (ed.). 1986. Compendium of<br />

<strong>Sorghum</strong> <strong>Diseases</strong>. St. Paul, MN: American<br />

Phytopathological Society. 82 pp.<br />

Fuentes, J.S., and Salguero, E.R, 1983. Sistemas<br />

de cultivos practicados en Guatemala para la<br />

producci6n de maiz, frijol, y sorgo. Pages 230-<br />

243 <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the plant breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />

methods and approaches <strong>in</strong> sorghum workshop<br />

for Lat<strong>in</strong> America, 11-15 Apr 1983, Texcoco,<br />

Mexico: INTSORMIL-INIA-ICRISAT/CIMMYT.<br />

Harris, E. 1960. Ramulispora sorghicola sp. nov.<br />

Transactions of the British Mycological Society<br />

43(1):80-84.<br />

Hawk<strong>in</strong>s, R., Smith, M., and Arias Milla, R.<br />

1983. Sistemas de cultivo de sorgo en Centro

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