Sorghum Diseases in India

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Stalk rot Last season stalk rot symptoms were observed in sorghum crops located in Cordoba Province. Plants were mature. The stalk pith was rotten in appearance and gave off a slightly sweet odor. Isolations of affected tissue in KB medium yielded white fluorescent and nonfluorescent bacterial colonies. Conclusion Grain mold, stalk rot, head blight, sorghum downy mildew, and virus diseases (particularly the mosaic group), are major diseases in the South American countries discussed. Bacterial diseases in Argentina represent a potentially dangerous problem that needs to be investigated more carefully. Our recommendation is to search for resistance-screening procedures and then eventual selection for genetic control. References Avezdzhanova, G.P., and Sidorova, V.K. 1978. Comparative pathogenicity of strains of the pathogens of bacterial leaf spot and bacterial streak of millet crops. Byulleten' Usesoyuznogo Nauchno Issledovatel's Kogo. Institute Zashchity Rastenil (1978) No 43. 66 Castor, L.L. 1981. Grain mold histopathology damage assessment, and resistance screening within Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench lines. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA. 170 pp. Craig, J., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1980. Pathotypes of Peronosclerospora sorghi. Plant Disease 64:778-779. Gaudet, P.A., and Kokko, E.G. 1986. Seedling disease of sorghum grown in southern Alberta caused by seedborne Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 8:208-217. Glueck, J.A., Rooney, L.W., Rosenow, D.T., and Miller, F.R. 1977. Physical and structural properties of field-deteriorated (weathered) sorghum grains. In Weathered Sorghum Grain. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station MP-1375 College Station, TX, USA: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 93 pp. Pawar, M.N., Frederiksen, R.A., Mughogho, L.K., Craig, J., Rosenow, D.T., and Bonde, M.R. 1985. Survey of virulence in Peronosclerospora sorghi isolates from India, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Texas (USA), Honduras, Brazil, and Argentina. Phytopathology 75:1374. (Abstract).
Sorghum Diseases in Central America and the Caribbean Basin G.C. Wall 1 and D.H. Meckenstock 2 Abstract Sorghum in Central America and the Caribbean Basin is the second-most food crop; production in the entire region in 1985 was 653 000 t. Of this, about 80% was produced in Central America. Sorghum diseases are outlined according to their relative importance: dwarf mosaic and sugarcane mosaic are important; in Honduras, yield in health}/ vs MDMV-diseased plants differed by 52%. Gray leaf spot, the most widespread foliar disease in farmers' fields, caused 15% reduction in yield. Oval leaf spot and rust caused 6% and 4% yield reduction, respectively. Zonate leaf spot reduced grain yield by 14% in test plots. Downy mildew, acremonium wilt, anthracnose, and charcoal rot are at times severe on sorghum; the first two have reduced yields by 44% and 36%, respectively. Some widespread diseases—such as grain mold, covered smut, loose smut, and leaf blight—are usually not important. Introduction In Central America, 523 000 t of sorghum grain were produced in 1985. When sorghum grown on the Caribbean Islands is included, the total becomes 653 000 t (FAO 1985). In many Central American and Caribbean nations, it is secondmost of the cereal crops, following maize. The sorghum plant itself may be used for forage, and the sorghum grain may be fed directly or in feed concentrates. In the home, sorghum alone or a sorghum/maize mix is used as an ingredient in tortillas, although maize is the preferred cereal for this purpose. Other traditional foods, such as atol, alboroto, and chancaca may be prepared from sorghum grain. Certain sorghum (broomcorn) cultivars are grown for the manufacture of brooms. Sorghum can be mixed with wheat as an extender of baking flour (Herrera and de Palomo 1984), and thus could help reduce the necessity of wheat importations for Central American and Caribbean nations. Sorghum probably reached Central America from Africa in the 16th century, with an adjunct of the slave trade. In Guatemala, El Salvador, the Honduras, Nicaragua, and Haiti, as much as 85% of the sorghum production is from photoperiod-sensitive 'native varieties' or landrace cultivars, mostly sown in association with maize. Intercropping sorghum and maize is a common practice of resource-poor farmers. Most of these farmers sow less than 5 ha each, most of it on marginal land with slopes exceeding 8% (Hawkins et al. 1983). In general, the sorghum crop grows with very little attention from the farmer. Diseases and pests take a high toll from an already limited potential yield. Yields may be thwarted in the first place by the lack or insufficient use of fertilizers, and by overcropping and poor soil management in general. Land that is sown by its owners is commonly overworked; for lack of space, crop rotation is not practiced frequently enough. If the land is rented or share-cropped, 1. Assistant Professor, Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Univeristy of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA. 2. Associate Professor, Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, INSTSORMIL, Apartado Postal 93, c/o Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Tegucipalpa, the Honduras. Wall, G.C., and Meckenstock, D.H. 1992. Sorghum diseases in Central America and the Caribbean basin. Pages 67-73 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Miliiano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 67
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
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Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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