Sorghum Diseases in India

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itations for the crop, and relatively little effort is required to remove the problem and allow full profitability (Table 2). Comparisons of different methods for disease screening and disease control are beyond the scope of this review. Major Disease Problems in Argentina Grain molds Resistant hybrids are the most practical and economical control measure for grain molding. At present, grain molding and grainweathering, using Castor's terminology (1981), represent major problems affecting sorghum almost every year in areas where it flowers and matures during periods of prolonged rain, heavy dew, and high relative humidities. Losses have not been estimated, but a great reduction in grain viability and grain quality occurs if panicles become infected between anthesis and harvest. Most commercial breeding programs have devoted efforts to screen for genotypes tolerant to grain mold, grain weathering, and sprouting, probably better called "field deterioration." This Table 2. Severity of sorghum diseases in Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Uruguay, and Paraguay. 1 Disease Pathogen Argentina Venezuela Colombia Head Grain molds Fusarium moniliforme Curvularia spp, others 1 1 2 Head blight Fusarium moniliforme 2 3 - Fusarium stalk rot Fusarium spp 1 2 1 Charcoal rot Macrophomina phasesolina 1 2 1 Acremonium wilt Acremonium striatum 5 4 4 Anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola 4 3 3 Mildews Sorghum downy mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi Urug- Paraguay uay 2 3 3 1 1 Virus Sugarcane mosaic 3 1 3 2 2 group Foliar Anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola 4 3 3 Bacterial leaf stripe Pseudomonas andropogonis 2 4 4 Bacterial streak Xanthomonas holcicola 3 4 4 Leaf blight Helm in thosporiu m turcicum 4 3 4 Rust Puccinia purpurea 4 3 3 Gray leaf spot Cercospora sorghi 3 4 5 Zonate leaf spot Gloeocercospora sorghi 4 4 5 1.1 = severe disease; 5 = minimum limitation by disease; (-) = no information available. 64
term, proposed by Glueck et al. (1977), is my preference as the descriptor of this complex syndrome. Field tolerance to grain deterioration has been achieved in commercial brown-grained sorghum cultivars. This characteristic is determined by the presence of a testa and by high tannin content (see Waniska, this volume). In areas where environment has not favored panicle fungal colonization, sorghum hybrids having low tannin content normally produce high yields and find good acceptance by consumers. High-tannin sorghums comprise about 85% of Argentina's sorghum production. Coordinated efforts of breeders and pathologists have developed new screening procedures that identify good sources of stable resistance to grain molding in low-tannin sorghums. Head blight Recent reports of severe incidence of head blight in central Argentina are of considerable concern because this disease had not been reported from this area, and panicle damage was serious. Sorghum downy mildew (SDM) Most Argentine commercial hybrids are resistant to downy mildew caused by Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston and Uppal) Shaw. In 1985/86 a change in the pathogen population was detected in some areas of Chaco and Cordoba provinces. Commercial hybrids having RTx 430 or derivatives as male parents were susceptible, showing systemic and local symptoms. Sorghum breeders have used RTx 430 as a source of sorghum downy mildew (SDM) resistance since the 1970s, developing hybrids with high levels of resistance. The change in the SDM pathogen populations represents the major threat to sorghum production in these provinces even though many other conditions must be present for an epidemic to occur. A widespread and uniformly susceptible genotype, environmental conditions favoring reproduction of the new race, and time for disease build-up are required. Several reports (Craig and Frederiksen 1980; Pawar et al. 1985) clearly demonstrate variations in Peronosclerospora sorghi virulence. There is evidence that suggests that unknown factors have prevented new races from reaching their full potential, like the case of pathotype 3 in the United States of America. Action to prevent a drastic SDM epidemic includes identification of the new race, and detection of sources of resistance. These objectives have been achieved. Bacterial Diseases During the last 5 years, a significant build-up of bacterial diseases has occurred in Argentina. Three aspects related with these microorganisms—leaf symptoms, grain infection, and stalk rot—occupy our attention. Leaf symptoms Bacterial stripe (Pseudomonas andropogonis) is now common in almost every sorghum crop. Usually, bacterial streak (Xanthomonas holcicola) is also seen, but to a lesser extent. Since 1983/84, severe bacterial leaf damage has been recorded in our breeding nursery at Pergamino, Buenos Aires Province. Some genotypes showed symptoms before flowering, rather than after bloom as expected. Something has changed. We don't know if we are dealing with a pathogen population that comprises virulent strains causing severe sorghum infection. Avezdzhanova and Sidorova (1978, pp. 63-65) compared pathogenicity of different strains of bacterial leaf spot and bacterial streak affecting sorghum. Likewise we don't know much about time of initial infection, predisposing factors, effects on yield or grain quality, or if a vector is involved. Grain infection. In 1984/85, a sorghum germination problem caused by Pseudomonas spp was identified. Large numbers of bacteria were observed in close proximity to the embryos, and black and brown lesions were seen in every case. Infected seeds emerged as poor seedlings and decayed easily. Gaudet and Kokko (1986) mentioned a seedling disease of sorghum caused by seedborne Pseudomonas syringae. 65
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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