Sorghum Diseases in India

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Ravindranath, V. 1980. Sorghum diseases in India. Pages 57-66 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Sangitaro, C.S., and Bhade, G.H. 1979. Meteorological factors associated with honey dew development and sclerotial stage in sorghum ergot. Sorghum Newsletter 22:107-108. Sangitrao, C.S., Taley, Y.M., and Moghe, P.G. 1979. Effect of planting date on the appearance of sugary disease. Sorghum Newsletter 22:111. Sharma, H.D. 1980. Screening of sorghum for leaf-disease resistance in Sorghum Diseases. Pages 249-263 in Sordhum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 56 Sharma, H.C., and Jain, N.K. 1975. Effect of leaf diseases on grain yields of some varieties of sorghum. Proceedings, Indian Academy of Sciences 81:(5)223-227. Shetty, H.A., and Safeeulla, K.M. 1981. Studies on the oospore germination of Peronosclerospora sorghi. Kavaka 8:47-51. Sundaram, N.V. 1977. Pathological research in India. Paper, International Sorghum Workshop, '6-13 Mar 1977, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. 19 pp. Venkatrao, D.N., and Shinde, V.K. 1985. Inheritance of charcoal rot resistance in sorghum. Journal of the Maharashtra Agricultural University 10:54-56. Venugopal, M.N., and Safeeulla, K.M. 1978. Chemical control of downy mildew of pearl millet, sorghum, and maize. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 48:537-539.
Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Casela 1 , A.S. Ferreira 2 , and R.E. Schaffert 3 Abstract Sorghum in Brazil is subject to damage by several diseases. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) is the most damaging disease occurring in all areas of the country. Rust (Puccinia purpurea) is also becoming an important sorghum disease in Brazil, and charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) has been observed in the semi-arid northeastern region, as well as in late (February) sowings in central Brazil. Downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) persists as an important disease in the southern parts of the country. Zonate leaf spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi), ladder spot (Cercospora fusimaculans), leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), and stalk rot (Colletotrichum graminicola), have been causing only moderate damage. Introduction Sorghum, a relatively new crop in Brazil, is increasing both in production and area sown. Production increased 39% and the area sown increased by 38% from 1982 to 1984, and average yield was 1.8 t ha -1 (Veiga 1986) (Table 1). The states of Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, and Parana, produce more than 75% of the sorghum grain in Brazil, with an average yield of 2 t ha -1 . In Rio Grande do Sul, sorghum is becoming a traditional crop, sown mostly in a crop-rotation system with soybeans (Veiga 1986). In the semiarid northeast, sorghum production is concentrated in the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Ceara, and Rio Grande do Norte. Sorghum, due to its drought tolerance and higher yields, is one of the alternatives to maize for farmers in this region. In central Brazil, sorghum is now becoming an important option for farmers; it can be sown in February after harvest of the principal crop, usually soybeans. This is becoming a traditional system in the states of Sao Paulo and Parana in southern Brazil (Vianna et al. 1986). Most of the grain sorghum cultivated in Brazil are with hybrids, except in the northeastern areas, where varieties are used. Grain sorghum in Brazil is used principally in swine and poultry rations, but the National Maize and Sorghum Research Center is developing sorghum cultivars for human consumption. Several studies in Brazil have shown that sorghum can be mixed with wheat flour in proportions varying from 15 to 50% for baking in breads, cakes, cookies, etc., without significant change in the quality of the products. In central Brazil, sorghum for this purpose should be sown in February, just after harvest of the soybean. In the semi-arid northeastern region, the drier conditions permit good grain quality (Schaffert 1986). Forage sorghums are used principally for silage production for dairy cattle; however the silage can also be fed to beef cattle. Experiments in Brazil indicate that sweet sorghum can be used to produce alcohol for fuel, to be used pure or mixed with gasoline. The National Maize and Sorghum Research Center has recently released new varieties of sweet sorghum. 1. Sorghum Breeder for Disease Resistance, National Maize and Sorghum Research Center-EMBRAPA (NMSRC), Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil 2. Sorghum Pathologist at the above address. 3. Sorghum Breeder at the above address. Casela, C.R., Ferreira, A.S., and Schaffert, R.E. 1992. Sorghum diseases in Brazil. Pages 57-62 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 57
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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