Sorghum Diseases in India

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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odvody and PR. Hepperly 167-177 Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L Starr 179-185 Striga (Witchweeds) in Sorghum and Millet: Knowledge and Future Research Needs A.T. Obilana and K.V. Ramaiah 187-201 Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali and H.L. Warren 203-208 Physiological Races of Colletotrichum graminicola in Brazil C.R. Casela, A.S. Ferreira, and R.E. Schaffert 209-212 Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mildew Control J. Craig and G.N. Odvody 213-217 Stalk Rots S. Pande and R.I. Karunakar 219-234 Sorghum Ergot R. Bandyopadhyay 235-244 Sorghum Smuts El Hilu Omer and R.A. Frederiksen A Review of Sorghum Grain Mold G.A. Forbes, R. Bandyopadhyay and G. Garcia Cereal Chemistry and Grain Mold Resistance R.D. Waniska, G.A. Forbes, R. Bandyopadhyay, R.A. Frederiksen, and L.W. Rooney 245-252 253-264 265-272 Breeding for Grain Mold Resistance S.Z. Mukuru 273-285 Part 4: Short Communications Short Communications 289-293 Part 5: Other Topics Principles and Criteria of Seed Transmission of Sorghum Pathogens Epidemiology of Sorghum Diseases in Central America: a case study Using Germplasm from the World Collection in Breeding for Disease Resistance Using the World Germplasm Collection in Breeding for Disease Resistance at ICRISAT Part 6: Building for the Future Successful Transfer of ICRISAT Downy Mildew Resistance Screening Technology: an Example of Transfer of Technology D.C. McGee 297-302 G.C. Wall, R.A. Frederiksen, J. Craig, and M.J. Jeger 303-317 D.T. Rosenow 319-324 S.Z. Mukuru 325-328 S. Pande and S.D.Singh 331-334 Recommedations 335-343 Appendix Discussion 347-370
Message from SADCC Preface SADCC is the acronym for the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference. Presently, there are nine participating countries: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, (Namibia joined SADCC in 1990).The objective of SADCC is to strengthen the well-being of their countries and decrease economic dependence on other countries. There are several important programs in SADCC, agriculture being one. Within agriculture there is a food security component based in Zimbabwe, and agricultural research is coordinated by Botswana. Several international centers act as executing agents for programs approved by SADCC. ICRISAT has one regional program for the improvement of sorghum and millets in Bulawayo and another for the improvement of groundnuts based at the Chitedze Research Station near Lilongwe, Malawi, Though the dominant cereal of the SADCC region is maize, sorghum and millets are traditional and important, particularly in the dry areas. Research to improve these crops is recent compared to that for maize, wheat, soybeans, and tobacco. The disease situation is of concern; downy mildew is found widely in the region and leaf diseases are severe in our nurseries in parts of the area. Grain molds and Striga are also of concern. We now have a much better idea of which diseases are of priority concern than when we began in 1984, and are developing strategies to work on them. These will be stated in greater detail in this book. Message from INTSORMIL L.R. House Executive Director, SADCC/ICRISAT Regional Sorghum and Millets Improvement Program, PO Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe* Sorghum and millet are vital life-sustaining crops in many parts of the world. The southern African region is one of the major areas of focus for our collaborative research activities, and many INTSOR- MIL scientists are involved in projects across many disciplines and countries in the region. INTSORMIL cooperates with ICRISAT in the long-term degree training program for SADCC scientists, and many of us enjoy the opportunity of serving as major professors for SADCC graduate students at our universities in USA. This training program is well underway with 25 SADCC graduate students currently undertaking MS and PhD degree training in USA. We believe that the long-term investment in development of the scientific talent in the region will pay handsome dividends in the future. I would like to concentrate on two major topics here. The first concerns fundamentals of the Collaborative Research Support Programs (CRSPs), the model for collaborative research. The CRSP model is one of several possible means of bringing the agricultural research capacity of the more developed nations, particularly USA, to bear effectively and efficiently on the key problems of agriculture in developing nations. It is not or cannot be a short-term panacea or a long-term solution, but it does hold a great deal of promise as a cost-effective, productive means of making significant contributions to agricultural development in the developing countries as a mid-term, interim measure. v
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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