Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 1. Regional distribution of sorghum diseases in India. Disease Causal organism Occurrence Grain molds Fusarium, Curvularia spp Phoma, Alternaria, Parts of Andhra Pradesh, northern Karnataka (Belgaum, Dharwad, and Shimoga). Marathawada in Maharashtra. Exserohilum, Gonatobotrytis Coimbatore, North Arcot, Salem districts of Tamil Nadu. Trichothecium, and others Indore of Madhya Pradesh; Gujarat. Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina Northern parts of Karnataka; Marathawada districts of Maharashtra, parts of Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Fusarium root and stalk rot Fusarium moniliforme Northern parts of Karnataka; parts of Marathawada in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh Ergot Claviceps sorghi Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, and Mysore; parts of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. Downy mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi Parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh, sporadic in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Rust Puccinia purpurea All sorghum-growing regions of India. Zonate spot Gloeocercospora sorghi All sorghum-growing regions of India. Anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola Parts of Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan. Sooty stripe Ramulispora sorghi Parts of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Karnataka. Rough leaf spot Ascochyta sorghina Parts of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Gray leaf spot Cercospora sorghi Parts of Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh Sorghum red stripe Virus (SCMV) In parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Grain smut Sporisorium sorghi Sporadic in different regions. Loose smut Sphacelotheca cruenta Parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Head smut Sporisorium reilianum Parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Long smut Tolyposporium ehrenbergii Occasionally sporadic in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Indore. Tar spot Phyllachora sacchari Parts of Karnataka. Wilt Acremonium strictum Parts of northern India. Leaf blight Setosphaeria turcica Parts of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Crazy top Sclerophthora macrospora One report in Maharashtra. 46
India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project (AICSIP) at 10 centers. This project began in 1970 as part of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). It was upgraded to "National Research Centre", guided by a project director. All Indian states participate through their agricultural universities. It is a multidisciplinarymultilocational program in which pathologists actively contribute (ICAR 1987). The Centers pursue work on particular groups of diseases in line with the diseases' importance (Table 2). Present Knowledge Grain molds The principal grain mold fungi in India are Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, Phoma sorghina, Alternaria alternata, Exserohilum speciferum, Gonatobotrytis sp, and Aspergillus spp. To identify the resistance to these fungi, three screening methods were tested: Table 2. Research problems studied at the All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project (AICSIP) centers, India. A1CSIP Center Major emphasis Dharwad (Karnataka) Sorghum downy mildew, grain molds, charcoal rot, fusarium stalk rot, ergot, rust, testing and breeding for resistance, inoculation techniques, crop-loss estimates, control by chemicals and agronomic practices, genetics and mechanism of resistance, multiple-disease resistance. Parbhani (Maharashtra) Charcoal rot, leaf spots, red stripe, grain molds, screening and breeding for resistance, red stripe control. lndore (Madhya Pradesh) Leaf spot, grain molds, screening for individual leaf spots and identifying multiple leaf spot resistant lines, breeding for resistance to leaf spots, testing and breeding for resistance to grain molds Udaipur (Rajasthan) Screening and breeding for resistance to leaf spot diseases, studies on Phoma sorghina and long smut, estimation of loss due to individual diseases. Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) Screening and breeding for resistance to SDM, control of SDM, grain molds, screening for resistance to ergot, control of ergot. Palyam (Andhra Pradesh) Screening for resistance to grain molds, control of grain molds. Akola (Maharashtra) Screening and breeding for resistance to ergot, screening and control of grain molds. Navsari (Gujarat) Screening for leaf-spot resistance, screening and breeding for resistance to head molds, screening for resistance and control of charcoal rot, and ergot. Bijapur (Karnataka) Screening and breeding for resistance to charcoal rot. Rahuri (Maharashtra) Screening and breeding for resistance to charcoal rot, control of charcoal rot. 47
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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