Sorghum Diseases in India

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espectively. Elevation above mean sea level is between 100 and 150 m. Three institutions—Kasetsart University located in Bangkok, Khon, Kaen University located in the Northeast, and Thailand's Department of Agriculture (with field-crop stations all over the country)—are now conducting research in sorghum improvement. Farmers are using the cultivars Early and Late Hegari, KU 439, U-thong I (or DA 80), and the recently released Department of Agriculture's Supanburi 60, an open-pollinated release with red pigment. Hybrid varieties are sold by private sectors, mostly to the higher income farmers or big farms. The demands for hybrids will continue as long as the higher price of sorghum grain prevails. Disease has the potential of being one of the factors limiting sorghum production in Thailand (Table 2). Grain diseases, such as grain mold and ergot, can effect quality and yield. Leaf diseases are considered less important than grain disease in Thailand mostly because they occur after seed-set and the grain has already filled. Table 2. Sorghum diseases found in Thailand. Disease pre- Disease Pathogen valence 1 Grain mold Curvularia lunata 1 Fusarium spp 2 Colletotrichum graminicola 1 C. gloeosporoides 2 Phoma sp 2 Ergot Sphacelia sorghi 1 Rust Puccinia purpurea 2 Gray leaf spot Cercospora sorghi 1 Anthracnose C graminicola 2 C. gloeosporoides 2 Zonate leaf Gloeocercospora 3 spot sorghi Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina 3 Leaf blight Exerohilum turcicum 2 Tar spot Phyllachora sorghi 3 1. Prevalence: 3 >2 >1 42 Many sorghum diseases have been recorded in Thailand (Pupipat 1980). These diseases are still occurring, and spread occasionally if the weather favors pathogen development. However, severe yield losses seldom occur, perhaps due to the cropping system; farmers grow sorghum following maize, and maize downy mildew does not infect sorghum in Thailand. Sorghum is also sown as a mixed crop with cotton, beans, and sesame; these species are not alternate hosts to sorghum pathogens Research on Sorghum Diseases Grain mold Grain mold on sorghum has been studied by Kasetsart University and the Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division in Thailand's Department of Agriculture. Disease resistance was tested at Suwan Farm. Diseased grains were isolated and the causal fungi found to be from 13 genera. The most prevalent are Curvularia lunata, Fusarium spp, Colletotrichum graminicola, C. gloeosporoides, and Phoma sp. Of these, only Curvularia lunata and Fusarium spp appeared in Pupipat's listing (1980), which reported Aspergillus spp as well. Aspergillus is a strange mold. Mutation was induced (using gamma radiation at 35 and 40 Kr), but disease resistance has not yet been found. The project continues. Rust The screening technique for selecting resistance to rust has been to inoculate at 20-22 °C and 95% RH, including a trace amount of polysorbate 20 in the spore suspension. Infection on sorghum seedlings takes place uniformly within 10 days. Urediospores were viable 30 days after collection from the field. Ergot Sorghum ergot, first found in Thailand in 1983 on Sudax (Boon-Long 1983), was identified as Sphacelk sorghi (Sudax is a commercial pasture crop developed from crosses between selected male-sterile sorghum and sudan grasses). In
1984, the disease spread to male-sterile sorghum lines used to develop hybrid seeds in Saraburi Province (the central plain area) (Boon-Long et al. 1984). Male-sterile sorghum was quickly infected, and the infection developed rapidly. Currently ergot is the most damaging disease of male-sterile sorghum. Open-pollinated lines do not become infected, however. Chemical control was tested and lines were screened for resistance, but without success. The ergot hosts were tested by doing Koch's postulates and cross inoculations. These hosts are Sorghum vulgare, S. almum, S. sudanensis, S. halepense, Dichanthium annulatum, Brachiaria mutica, and Panicum maximum. Tar spot Tar spot, endemic in October and November of 1984, caused no yield loss. Dissected infected leaf tissue (parafin method), stained with safranin and fast green, showed that Phyllachora sacchari P. Henn infected only the palisade cells of leaves and did not infect cells of the vascular bundle. Future Plans and Needs for Collaboration Thailand's research in sorghum diseases will concentrate on grain mold and ergot. Resistance nurseries for grain mold will be conducted at Supanburi Agricultural Research Station and disease-resistant materials (from ICRISAT and other parts of the world) will be needed for these trials. Research on resistance to ergot is also of high priority Thailand is a tropical country, and its climate favors anthracnose development, so we shall have to be careful about this problem, even though severe damage by anthracnose is not yet occurring. References Boon-Long, T. 1983. Ergot of Sudan in Thailand. Journal of the Thai Phytopathological Society 4:219-221. Boon-Long, T., Glinsukorn Thirayudh, and Chandrasrikul, Anong 1984. Ergot - A new disease of sorghum in Thailand. Agricultural Research Journal 2:146-150. Pupipat, U. 1980. Sorghum disease in Thailand. Pages 72-73 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Thailand: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 1987. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand, Crop Year 1986/87. 60-65 pp. 43
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103:
Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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