Sorghum Diseases in India

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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A. 1973. Sorghum diseases. Upland Crops Annual Reports 1971-73, Philippines. Los Baftos, Laguna, Philippines; University of the Philippines at Los Baftos. Oliva, L.P. 1986. On-farm research on sorghum in Southern Mindanao (Terminal report). Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines: Southern Mindanao 40 Agricultural Research Center, University of Southern Mindanao. 75 pp. Paderes, E.P., and Dalmacio, S.C. 1984. Components of rate-reducing resistance in some sorghum lines to Phyllachora sorghi, the cause of sorghum tar spot. Philippine Agriculturist 67(3): 279-287.
Sorghum Diseases in Thailand T. Boon-Long 1 Abstract Sorghum is cultivated in Thailand as a second crop or mixed with other crops. In 1987, it occupied about 193 000 ha with a production of 211 258 tonnes. Diseases include grain mold, ergot, gray leaf spot, and other leaf diseases. Leaf disease is less important than grain disease, because diseases usually appear late, after the grain has filled. The downy mildew of maize in Thailand does not infect sorghum. Grain mold disease resistance has been tested at Suwan Farm and Supanbusi research center. The prevalent organisms are Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichurn graminicola, C. gloeosporoides, Fusarium spp, and Phoma sp. Ergot in Thailand was first identified in 1983, and spread on male-sterile sorghums used for hybrid production in 1984. The hosts are Sorghum vulgare, S. almum, S. sudanensis, S. halepense, Dichanthium annulatum, Brachiatia mutica, and Panicum maximum. Introduction Sorghum is third of the important cereal crops in Thailand; in 1987, about 193 000 ha produced about 211 million kg (Table 1) (Thailand: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives 1987). Sorghum is grown in scattered locations throughout the central plain and northeastern Thailand. The important sorghum-growing provinces are Nakornsawan, Lopburi, Saraburi, and Nakornrajseema. It is cultivated mostly after corn as a second crop, or mixed with other crops. In 1987, the average yield was about 1.15 t ha -1 in Thailand. Yields vary from year to year; the best yield (2.5 t ha -1 ) was harvested in 1965 (Pupipat 1980) and the annual yield over the last decade is just a bit more than 1.08 t ha -1 . Eighty percent of the production is exported; the remainder is used for animal feed in the country. Rainfall in most of the sorghum-growing area ranges from 900-1600 mm, with good distribution from May through October. Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures are 28 to 29, 40, and 19°C, Table 1. Sorghum production in Thailand, 1978-87. 1 1. Sorghum Pathologist, Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Thailand Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Boon-Long, T. 1992. Sorghum diseases in Thailand. Pages 41-43 HI Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Year Area sown ('000 ha) Area harvested ('000 has) Production ('000 t) Yield (t ha- 1 ) 1978 169.9 150.6 126 0.84 1979 175.7 150.7 216 1.40 1980 189.1 160.6 199 1.20 1981 247.4 234.1 237 1.00 1982 279.8 266.1 274 1.00 1983 245.4 236.2 236 1.00 1984 265.1 250.9 327 1.30 1985 294.1 283.7 374 1.30 1986 1987 309.6 193.9 291.7 183.7 404 211 1.40 1.20 1. Source: Thailand: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (1987). 41
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101:
Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103:
Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117:
Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147:
Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187:
Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245:
Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
Page 324 and 325:
population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
Page 346 and 347:
4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353:
Each member of the discussion group
Page 355:
Appendix
Page 358 and 359:
develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
Page 362 and 363:
Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
Page 368 and 369:
zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
Page 376 and 377:
If it is argued that oospore infect
Page 378 and 379:
Craig: On the basis of our experien
Page 380:
Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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