Sorghum Diseases in India

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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant lines). Not one of the lines or varieties was completely free of gray leaf spot or tar spot, but expression of symptoms is delayed in resistant plants and fewer lesions appear. However, when 88 sorghum lines were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani all of the lines were susceptible. Similarly, 50 lines tested for resistance to head molds showed infection (Dalmacio et al. 1981, Dalmacio 1982). Sources of resistance to most of the important sorghum diseases have been identified. Furthermore, Paderes and Dalmacio (1984) examined resistance to tar spot by evaluating components of rate-reducing resistance to Phyllachora sorghi (Syn P. sacchari). The findings reveal that resistance prolonged the latent period (LP) by 12%, shortened the infectious period (IP) by 69%, reduced stomata size (SS) by 85%, and reduced sporulation capacity (SC) by 93%. Among these components, IP, SS, SC, and infection frequency (IF) may be considered more important than LP. Correlation analysis showed that LP, SS, and SC were more strongly associated with each other than with IP. Screening work of 120 sorghum genotypes of the International Sorghum Multiple Disease Resistance Nursery (ISMDRN) established at the Southern Mindanao Agricultural Research Center (SMARC) showed mean severity ratings ranging from 1.3 for zonate leaf spot and Rhizoctonia disease to 4.5 for grain molds. (Table 3). Table 3. Disease reactions of 120 ISMDRN'87 sorghum entries screened at SMARC-USM, Tangonan, Kabacan, Cotabato, the Philippines, 1987. Mean severity Disease ratings 1 Zonate leaf spot 1.3 Gray leaf spot 1.9 Target leaf spot 1.7 Rhizoctonia banded leaf and sheath blight 1.3 Anthracnose 1.5 Tar spot 3.5 Grain mold 4.5 Root/stalk rots 1.8 1. Scored on a 1-5 scale, where 1 = no symptoms and 5 = severe infection. 38 Phyllachora tar spot and head/grain mold were severe and sorghum hybrids and cultivars tested were susceptible to these two diseases. Other foliar diseases had ratings ranging from 1.3 to 1.9, and the sorghum genotypes were resistant to most foliar diseases except tar spot. Head/grain mold infection had a mean severity of 4.5 (Table 3). The incidence of a stalk rot complex in sorghum fields at SMARC-USM was also observed to be infecting most hybrids and cultivars tested. It was believed to have been caused by the combined effect of Colletotrichum graminicola, Fusarium moniliforme, and Rhizoctonia solani An interesting development was the release of a new sorghum hybrid by Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Philippines. This hybrid, Pioneer 8258, was noted to have excellent resistance to target and gray leaf spots and some degree of resistance to Rhizoctonia disease, although Rhizoctonia resistance seems to be highly influenced by plant height. Research Needs During the First National Symposium and Workshop on Corn and Sorghum Crop Protection, held at the University of Southern Mindanao, 17-20 Mar 1982 [sponsored by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food (now the Department of Agriculture)], Dalmacio and Exconde listed the Philippine research needs in sorghum pathology, as follows: 1. Monitor disease occurrence on sorghum sowings during the dry season and determine the relative importance. 2. Search for sources of resistance to various diseases and develop resistant varieties. 3. Establish disease nurseries in various sorghum-growing areas. While yield loss has been demonstrated in field experiments, it is necessary to determine the precise yield losses in cultivars and hybrids, at different disease intensities, during each cropping or sowing season (Exconde 1982). Table 4 summarizes the research areas and current status of sorghum disease management for 13 sorghum diseases in the Philippines. Much remains to be studied in the areas of yieldloss assessment, epidemiology, host-pathogen
Table 4. Areas with research potentials and current status of sorghum disease management in the Philippines. 1 Philippines. 1 Root and stalk rot Research area Bacterial Fungal ANT BLS GLS GM HB RUS RZD SB SFD SM TLS TS ZLS Etiology Assessment of yield loss / / / / / / / / / / / / _ / Farmers' fields X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Experimental X X X X X X X / / X X / / / X Epidemiology Host-pathogen X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X interaction X 0 X X X X X / X X X X X / X Strains/races X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Host range Control X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Host resistance X X 0 X 0 0 X 0 0 X X X 0 0 0 Chemical X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X / X Cultural X / X X X X X X X X X X X X X Biological X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1. x = Studies needed research gaps; / = studied; 0 = studies ongoing. ANT = anthracnose/red rot; BLS = bacterial leaf stripe; GLS = gray leaf spot; HB = head blight; GM = grain mold; RUS = rust; RZD = Rhizoctonia disease; SB = seedling blight; SFD = sugarcane fiji disease; SM = sugarcane mosaic; TLS = target leaf spot; TS = tar spot; ZLS = zonate leaf spot. interactions, strains or physiological races, host range, and disease management and control. Acknowledgment. We are deeply indebted to Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Philippines, for much-needed materials and assistance. References Alunan, M.M. 1988. NFA (National Food Authority) okays another importation of corn. Business Bulletin, 14 Jan 1988. p. 21. Benigno, D.R.A., and Vergara, D.C. 1977. Red stripe disease of sorghum in the Philippines. Philippine Agriculturist 61:157-165. Clarete, C.L. 1984. Status of sorghum production technology and marketing in Mindanao (Terminal report) Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines: Southern Mindanao Agricultural Research Center, University of Southern Mindanao. 100 pp. Dalmacio, S.C. 1980. Sorghum diseases in the Philippines. Pages 70-71 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 469 pp. Dalmacio, S.C. 1982. Breeding for disease and insect resistance in sorghum. SMARC Monitor 3(1):21-26. Dalmacio, S.C, Dayan, M.P., and Pascual, C.B. 1981. Identification of sources of resistance to some major diseases of sorghum in the Philippines. Philippine Phytopathology 17:38-46. Exconde, O.R. 1982. Disease control in corn and sorghum. SMARC Monitor 3(l):29-32. Ferrer, R.M., and Almeda, J.P. 1986. Economic analysis of sorghum production, 1984. Economic Research Report No. 28 (Decl986). Quezon City, Philippines: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. 30 pp. 39
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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