Sorghum Diseases in India

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References Japan: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries. 1986. The 61st Statistical Yearbook of Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, 1984-85. Statistics and Information Department. 627 pp. Nishihara, N., and Yokoyama, T. 1971. Studies on Kabatiella sorghi Nishihara et Yokoyama, the causal fungus of a new leaf spot disease of sorghum. (In Jap.) Annals Phytopathological Society Japan 40:170 (Abstract). Narita, T., and Hiratsuka, Y. 1959. Studies on Kabatiella zeae n. sp., the causal fungus of new leaf spot disease of corn. (In Jap., Summaries in En.) Annals Phytopathological Society Japan 24:147-153. 34 Goto, K., Hirano, K., and Fukatsu, R. 1962. Yellow spot of sorghum, a new disease. (In Jap., summaries in En.) Annals Phytopathological Society Japan 27:49-52. Hashiba, T.,Uchiyamada, H., and Kimura, K. 1981. A method to estimate the disease incidence based on the height of the infected part in rice sheath blight disease. (In Jap. summaries in En.) Annals Phytopathological Society Japan 47:194- 198. Kasuga, K., and Takizawa, Y. 1984. Studies on the field resistance to sheath blight in sorghum. 1. Varietal differences of effects on growth and yield. (In Jap.) Bulletine Nagano Prefecture Chushin Agricultural Experimental Station 3:64-69.
Diseases of Sorghum in the Philippines N.G. Tangonan 1 and S.C. Dalmacio 2 Abstract Use of sorghum for human food is not yet widespread in the Philippines—rice and corn are the preferred cereals. Efforts to promote sorghum in various food products are beginning, but the major part of the crop goes into livestock feed. Production is not expanding, even though the crop is well suited to Philippine conditions, in general, there has been little change in the disease situation in the past 10 years. Research efforts have intensified; the government has provided legislation for PHILCOSORI (Philippine Corn and Sorghum Research Institute) but not yet funded it. The International Sorghum Multiple Disease Resistance Nursery (120 genotypes) was screened at the University of Southern Mindanao Agricultural Research Center in 1987. Grain mold was the most severe disease noted. The hybrid Pioneer 8258 with high resistance to target and gray leaf spots, and some resistance to Rhizoctonia disease was released. Introduction In the Philippines, sorghum was introduced almost 20 years ago and is grown and used mainly as grain to supplement the feed requirements of the growing poultry and livestock industries. The crop is well adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of the country. As a source of carbohydrates and protein, sorghum compares with maize in nutritive value. Rice is the main staple food of Filipinos; many just now are developing a taste for sorghum. Delicacies made from sorghum and/or with sorghum as a main ingredient are taking the form of fortified foods, rice-like products, breakfast, and convenience foods. Notwithstanding, Filipinos prefer rice and then maize before sorghum as a cereal food. As a feed-grain supplement, sorghum is used more as an alternate or substitute for maize. Lopez noted that commercial feeds contain only 2.8% sorghum (Oliva 1986). Sorghum Production Trends and Current Situation Since the introduction of sorghum into the Philippines almost two decades ago, neither hectarage devoted to its production nor yield have increased substantially. Total sorghum production peaked from cropping season 1977/78 to 1978/79 but has since declined (Fig. 1). Ferrer and Almeda (1986) reported that the farmer's average hectarage in sorghum is 1.44; with corresponding yield of 1.94 t ha- 1 . The general annual cropping patterns followed are rice-maizesorghum or rice-sorghum (Oliva 1986). Although sorghum has been included in the feed grains and maize production programs of the Philippine government in past years, specific program components and guidelines for its promotion or support were absent (Oliva 1986). The low status of sorghum could be attributed to various problems, such as nonavailability of seeds, very low support prices, and other mar- 1. Professor and Chairman, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, the Philippines 9407. 2. Plant Pathologist, Pioneer Overseas Corporation, the Philippines, and Visiting Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, the Philippines 4031. Tongonan, N.G., and Dalmacio, S.C. 1992. Diseases of sorghum in the Philippines. Pages 35-40 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 35
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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