Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 1. Diseases of sorghum in western Africa. 1 Disease Causal agent Disease Causal agent Fungal foliar Gray leaf spot Leaf anthracnose Cercospora sorghi Colletotrichum graminicola Long smut Loose smut Tolyposporium ehrenbergii Sphacelotheca cruenta Leaf blight Exserohilum turcicum Root and stalk Leaf spot Phoma insidiosa Acremomium wilt Acremonium strictum Phyllosticta sorghiphila Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina Oval leaf spot Ramulispora sorghicola Fusarium stalk rot Fusarium moniliforme Rough leaf spot Ascochyta sorghina Milo disease Periconia circinata Rust Puccinia purpurea • Pokkah boeng Fusarium subglutinans Sooty stripe Ramulispora sorghi Root rot Fusarium spp Zonate leaf spot Gloeocercospora sorghi Macrophomina phaseolina, Leaf sheath Sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani Stem anthracnose Rhizoctonia sorghi, Phoma sorghina Colletotrichum graminicola Panicle Ergot Covered smut False smut Grain mold Sphacelia sorghi Sporisorium sorghi Cerebella sorghi-vulgaris Phoma sorghitta Seedling Downy mildew Fusarium moniliforme Phoma sorghina Peronosclerospora sorghi Curvularia lunata Bacterial 2 Colletotrichum graminicola Bacterial leaf Pseudomonas syringae Fusarium culmorum spot F. moniliforme Bacterial leaf Xanthomonas holcicola F. oxysporum streak F. semitectum Bacterial leaf Pseudomonas andropogoni Helminthosporium halodes stripe Aspergillus niger Bacterial soft rot Erwinia sp Chaetomium sp Red stripe and Xanthomonas rubrilineans Penicillium funiculosum top rot Cladosporium spp Yellow leaf blotch Pseudomonas sp Rhizopus stolonifer Aspergillus flavus Nigrospora sphaerica Viral Mosaic Sugarcane mosaic virus Head blight Alternaria alternata Sclerotium rolfsii Fusarium moniliforme Parasitic plant Striga Striga hermonthica Head smut Sporisorium reilianum 1. Source: Zummo (1984). 2. Leaf-infecting agents, except Erwinia spp, a root-infector, and top rot (X. rubrilineans) a disease of the stalk. The occurrence rather than importance of sorghum diseases in western Africa is emphasized. Prevalence is used in relative terms to mean a higher incidence of a disease. Based on observations from six countries (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cdte d'lvoire, Ghana, Mali, and Niger), some features of the more prevalent diseases in local and in introduced genotypes are presented. A summary of research efforts for the past 3 years will conclude this review- Diseases Prevalent in Local Sorghums Leaf diseases Gray leaf spot and leaf anthracnose are the more common leaf diseases in farmers' fields, and are more serious in the northern Guinean Zone. Most often gray leaf spot is severe in the top four
or six leaves only towards maturity Abundant sporulation occurs in very wet areas. It would appear that leaf anthracnose causes more damage than gray leaf spot. All leaves can be heavily infected during grain formation. In many instances, complete drying of the top leaves occurs before the grain matures. However, there are many local genotypes in which leaf anthracnose appears only as midrib infections; abundant tiny dark brown necrotic spots on the leaf lamina resemble a hypersensitivetype reaction. In this type of host reaction, the top four or six leaves are rarely killed whereas the lower leaves are completely dry. Formation of acervuli is rare in either type of infection. High incidence of oval leaf spot, zonate leaf spot, and leaf blight occurs but not at severe levels, in many farmers' fields in the Northern Guinean Zone and the Sudanian Zone. Bacterial stripe has been observed in many local genotypes and is mostly restricted to the lower leaves. Panicle diseases Grain molds are rare in farmers' fields. Most local sorghum varieties in normal years develop the grain after the rains cease. This enables the plant to produce grain virtually free from seed molds (Zummo 1984). Head smut, long smut, and covered smut occur at low levels. Head smut is, however, more common. Parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica occurs abundantly in farmers' fields in all the agroecological regions of western Africa. Some genotypes do not show typical Striga symptoms, even under heavy infection. Diseases Prevalent in Introduced Sorghums Leaf diseases Gray leaf spot and leaf anthracnose are the more prevalent leaf diseases in introduced genotypes in the northern Guinean Zone and in very wet areas of the Sudanian Zone. In the absence of conclusive data from western Africa, it is diffi cult to comment on the effect of these two leaf diseases on grain yield. Experiments show that in highly susceptible genotypes (eg., IS 18696, ICSV 20-1 BF, and ICSV 16-3 BF) grown under favorable conditions for disease development, first symptoms of gray leaf spot can appear anytime within 10 days after infection. The disease progresses slowly, at about 20 to 30 days after flowering. Infection usually affects less than 50% of the leaf area in the top four leaves. The progress of the disease increases slightly after this; at physiological maturity the leaf area infected (LAI) usually exceeds 75% in any of the top four leaves. In many other susceptible genotypes, symptoms appear even later and disease progress is even slower (unpublished data 1987). This pattern of disease progress implies that gray leaf spot may not cause serious loss in yield. Odvody (1986) suggested that the economic impact of gray leaf spot is hard to assess, because epidemic conditions only develop near crop maturity With leaf anthracnose, the situation is completely different and perhaps less ambiguous. In susceptible genotypes—IS 18442, IS 2139, IS 4585, or IS 1552—leaf anthracnose symptoms appear early and the disease progresses rapidly and kills top leaves during grain formation. The same is true for IS 18696 growing under conditions favorable for leaf anthracnose. For example, LAI in the top four leaves for IS 2139 and IS 1552 was between 26% and more than 75% at flowering. Within 3 weeks after flowering, the four top leaves were dead. The same general pattern of infection and disease progress was evident in IS 18696 and IS 18442 (unpublished data 1987). This supports the view that anthracnose is a major threat to sorghum production in some areas of western Africa, because of the rapid rate at which the anthracnose pathogen can damage sorghum plants approaching maturity (Frederiksen 1984). When conditions are favorable, damage from sooty stripe can be serious. More than 50% LAI in the top four leaves may occur between flowering and maturity. Dry conditions in the Sudanian Zone appear to favor development of sooty stripe. However/preliminary observations at Farako-Ba and Kamboinse in Burkina Faso and at Cinzana in Mali suggest that sustained high humidity may be necessary for successful infection and subsequent initiation of symptoms during early stages of the disease. This might be 27
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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