Sorghum Diseases in India

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fully established the pearl millet downy mildew screening technique in Mali, and Bandyopadhyay (1987) demonstrated the different phases of sorghum ergot screening technique at Rwanda. Conclusion In all, good progress has been made by ICRISAT scientists in demonstrating the successful transfer of resistance-screening techniques in places where these diseases are important constraints in sorghum and millet improvement. References Bandyopadhyay, R. 1987. Report of visit to Rwanda. 2 Sep-2 May 1987. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 26 pp. (Limited distribution.) de Milliano, W.A.J. 1987. Zambia Report, SADCC/ICRISAT SMIP. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: 334 SADCC/ICRISAT. 16 pp. (Limited distribution.) Pande, S. 1987. Report of visit to Zambia and Zimbabwe, 3-18 Oct 1986. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 32 pp. (Limited distribution.) Singh, S.D. 1985. Report on trip to Mali, 12 Jul- 12 Aug 1985. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 15 pp. (Limited distribution.) Singh, S.D. 1987. Report on trip to Zimbabwe, 26 Oct 1986-30 Apr 1987. A technology transfer mission of ICRISAT Center. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 15 pp. (Limited distribution.) Thakur, R.P. 1986. Report on a visit to Zambia and Zimbabwe, 26 Feb-9 Mar 1986. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 12 pp. (Limited distribution.)
Seventeen recommendation committees met and addressed issues of concern regarding disease problems and disease management tactics. 1. Smut diseases 2. Sorghum ergot 3. Pearl millet ergot 4. Bacterial diseases 5. Virus diseases 6. Nematology 7. Seed rots and seedling diseases 8. Grain mold 9. Sorghum downy mildew 10. Leaf diseases 11. Anthracnose 12. Sorghum stalk rot 13. Striga 14. Disease management in sorghum and pearl millet 15. Downy mildew in pearl millet 16. Foliar diseases of pearl millet 17. Utilization of disease resistance for sorghum and millets Smut Diseases Covered and loose kernel smuts These two diseases are considered low priority areas. They are controlled by seed dressing. It is realized, of course, that loose smut infection can occur in the ratoon crop, but the impacts of loose and covered smuts are too low to warrant extensive programs for their control. National scientists in areas suffering from these two diseases are encouraged to conduct seed-dressing demonstration trials to show the benefits of this practice. Head smut This is a potentially serious disease that will require an integrated approach. Development of resistant seed parents has been underway for the past decade. It is recommended that research workers: Recommendations 1. Breed elite cultivars for affected regions. 2. Monitor pathotype variation. 3. Exploit cultural, biological, and chemical means of control. Long smut (Sorghum and millet) 1. Evaluate effectiveness of natural spread, using an inoculated spreader variety, in screening for resistance in areas where the disease is endemic. 2. Continue with current screening techniques, and the search for new sources of resistance. 3. The taxonomic position of smut species occurring on millet needs clarification and verification; screening programs for resistance are needed. Sorghum Ergot Sorghum ergot was recognized as increasing in importance in Africa and India, and also in Thailand, because of the increased use of male steriles in hybrid production. An acute lack of knowledge (dependent on fundamental and applied research coordinated in and between the regions concerned) presently restricts advances in control procedures. 1. Study the extent of significant variability in the pathogen occurring from the eastern tip of Africa to its southern region, and the relationship of the fungus occurring in Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Senegal. Significant factors include the rate of infection of ovaries; efficiency of differentiation of sclerotial tissues, alkaloid pattern (probably more as an indicator of genetic variability than as a toxicity concern); longevity of asexual conidia on plant debris; and the role of secondary conidiation in epidemiology (by providing a potential windborne inoculum). 2. Evaluate, in different countries, the significance of differences in pathogens of the same species. 3. Identify and evaluate significance of collateral hosts, particularly in India and Africa. 335
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
Page 337 and 338: that do not lodge are selected. Pos
Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
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Page 348 and 349: of resistance to grain deterioratio
Page 350 and 351: a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353: Each member of the discussion group
Page 355: Appendix
Page 358 and 359: develop technologies that can enabl
Page 360 and 361: Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
Page 362 and 363: Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
Page 364 and 365: Guiragossian: Farmers and children
Page 366 and 367: Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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Page 370 and 371: say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
Page 372 and 373: the selection criterion that you ha
Page 374 and 375: cattle, but other studies suggest t
Page 376 and 377: If it is argued that oospore infect
Page 378 and 379: Craig: On the basis of our experien
Page 380: Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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