Sorghum Diseases in India

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frequent and wider germplasm exchanges between countries, the volume of materials arriving sometimes necessitates relaxation of the quarantine measures. Diseases like downy mildew, and some viruses have found their way into many research stations. To our knowledge, the use of other control measures is not so significant as to warrant presentation here. Future Prospects We envision more and more people getting involved in sorghum pathology work. Great interest has been shown by national program scientists to increase soighum production through selection and breeding. With crop improvement we expect less diversity of genotypes and thus increased susceptibility to various diseases, in turn calling for more resistant factors to be incorporated. Pathology research programs are expected to be strengthened as well, perhaps providing valuable sources for resistance that will be of use to our breeders. To protect these efforts, stricter quarantine measures may have to be applied to the exchange of materials, especially to limit new and virulent biotypes of the existing pathogens and to avoid potential importation of new diseases. More research work on the other control measures for sorghum diseases may be advantageous. References Alahaydoian, E.K., and Ali Nur Duale. 1985. The Somalia sorghum improvement project. Pages 128-135 in Proceedings, Third Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa, 5-8 Jun 1984, Soroti, Uganda. Doggett, H. 1980. Sorghum diseases in East Africa. Pages 33-35 in Soighum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 24 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 469 pp. Elzein, Ibrahim N. 1986. An overview of sorghum improvement in the Sudan. Pages 320-326 in Proceedings, Fifth Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa, 5-12 Jul 1986, Bujumbura, Burundi. Esele, J.P.E. 1985. An overview of sorghum diseases in Uganda. Pages 91-99 in Proceedings, Fourth Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa, 22-26 Jul 1985, Soroti, Uganda. Esele, J.P.E. 1986. Crop protection aspects of sorghum in Uganda. Pages 244-258 in Proceedings, Fifth Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa, 5-12 Jul 1986, Bujumbura, Burundi. Frederiksen, R.A. 1985. Sorghum diseases: their potential for control. Pages 324-327 in Proceedings, Fourth Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa, 22-26 Jul 1985, Soroti, Uganda. Guiragossian, V. 1986. Sorghum production constraints and research needs in eastern Africa. Pages 28-46 in Proceedings, Fifth Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa, 5-12 Jul 1986, Bujumbura, Burundi. Hulluka, M., and Gebrekidan, B. 1980. Diseases of sorghum in Ethiopia. Pages 36-39 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11- 15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, 502 324, India:International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 469 pp. Shao, F.M. 1985. Disease of sorghum in Tanzania. Pages 43-54 in Proceedings, Third Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa, 5-8 Jun 1984, Soroti, Uganda.
Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa M.D. Thomas 1 Abstract In western Africa sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is attacked by several fungi, bacteria, viruses, and by the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. Sorghum is grown mainly in the Sudanian Zone (500- 1000 mm rainfall) and in the northern Guinean Zone (1000-1200 mm rainfall). Some sorghum is also grown in the Sahelian Zone (400-500 mm rainfall). The importance of any of the sorghum diseases depends to a large extent on the zone in which the crop is grown. In local and introduced genotypes alike, diseases such as gray leaf spot and leaf anthracnose are more prevalent in the northern Guinean and Sudanian zones; sooty stripe and long smut occur more frequently in the Sudanian Zone. Grain mold is found mostly in introduced genotypes which mature during periods of relatively high rainfall. Oval leaf spot, zonate leaf spot, leaf blight, head smut, and covered smut occur at low levels in both the northern Guinean and Sudanian Zones. Head smut is a particular problem in farmers' fields. Striga hermonthica occurs abundantly in all zones and attacks all genotypes. Preliminary data indicate that symptoms of gray leaf spot first appear between flowering and 10 days after in Burkina Faso. The progress of the disease is slow and exceeds 75% leaf area infected only at maturity. In contrast, symptoms of leaf anthracnose appear early, the disease progresses rapidly, and kills top leaves during grain formation. Soil shading with groundnut suppressed Striga in farmers' fields. Introduction Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] is grown widely in many countries in semi-arid western Africa. In several of these countries, sorghum can be regarded either as the staple food or the second most important source of energy for the population. Most of the sorghum is grown in the Sudanian Zone (500-1000 mm rainfall) and the northern Guinean Zone (1000-1200 mm rainfall). Some sorghum is also grown in the southern Sahelian Zone (400-500 mm rainfall). In western Africa sorghum is attacked by several fungi, bacteria, viruses, and the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth (Table 1). The situation with nematodes is not quite clear and there appears to be no report of nematode infection of sorghum in western Africa. There is variation in incidence and severity of the dis 1. Principal Sorghum Pathologist, ICRISAT. B.P, 910, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. eases according to the agroecological zones mentioned above. Thus, the importance of any one of the sorghum diseases in western Africa depends to a large extent on the zone where the crop is growing. Importance is also related to whether a disease occurs on local landraces or on introduced genotypes. There appears to be "pockets" within western Africa for the occurrence of some diseases. For example, symptoms of downy mildew and virus-like symptoms have been reported in some countries (Tyagi 1980, Zummo 1984), whereas in many countries these two categories of symptoms are absent, or at least have not been reported. In general the importance of a disease is related to several other factors, such as the progress of the disease during the different growth stages of the host and the effect of the disease on grain yield. Thomas, M.D. 1992. Sorghum diseases in western Africa. Pages 25-29 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (CP 733). 25
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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