Sorghum Diseases in India

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502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Rosenow, D.T., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1982. Breeding for disease resistance in sorghum. Pages 447-455 in Sorghum in the Eighties: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sorghum, 2-7 Nov 1981, Patancheru, A.R 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Rosenow, D.T., and Clark, L.E. 1987. Utilization of exotic germplasm in breeding for yield stability. Biennial Grain Sorghum Resistance and Utilization Conference. 15:39-46. Rosenow, D.T., Quisenberry, J.D., Wendt, C.W., and Clark, L.E. 1983. Drought tolerant sorghum and cotton germplasm. Agricultural Water Management 7:207-222. Singh, S.D., Ball, S., and Thakur, D.R 1987. Problems and strategies in the control of downy 324 mildew. Pages 161-172 in Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.R 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Thakur, R.P., and Chahal, S.S. 1987. Problems and strategies in the control of ergot and Smut in pearl millet. Pages 173-182 in Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986, Patancheru, A.R 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. Williams, R.J., Frederiksen, R.A., Mughogho, L.K., and Bengtson, G.D. (eds). 1980. Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11- 15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, A.R 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 478 pp.
Using the World Germplasm Collection in Breeding for Disease Resistance at ICRISAT S.Z. Mukuru 1 Abstract Disease-control strategies at ICRISAT emphasize the development of breeding materials resistant to the important cereals diseases, This effort is interdisciplinary, with breeders and pathologists cooperating. The process involves developing efficient, reliable field and laboratory screening tecniques; identifying sources of stable and durable resistance in the sorghum germplasm collection and other breeding materials; testing stability of resistance with various races of the pathogens in multiple environments; and then incorporating the stable resistance into high-yielding agronomically desirable genotypes. Introduction A wide range of abiotic and biotic stress factors limit sorghum production in the semi-arid tropics (SAT). Of these, the most important and widespread are drought, insect pests, and diseases. For resource-poor farmers in the semiarid tropics the most practical control method is growing resistant cultivars, if available. This is a simple and an effective means of improving stability of yield. In India, the most important diseases of sorghum are grain molds, stalk rots, downy mildew, and several leaf diseases (see Anahosur, this publication). Disease-control strategies at ICRISAT emphasize the development of breeding material resistant to these diseases. At ICRI- SAT this effort is interdisciplinary and involves breeders and pathologists. The procedure follows: 1. Develop efficient, fast, and reliable field and laboratory screening techniques. 2. Use these techniques to identify sources of stable and durable resistance in the sorghum germplasm collection and breeding material. 3. Test stability of resistance in different environments and with races of the pathogens. 4. Incorporate identified stable resistance into high-yielding agronomically desirable genotypes. At ICRISAT Center we have a genetically diverse collection, numbering in the hundreds, of germplasm of indigenous cultivars and weedy and wild relatives of sorghum. We have developed effective techniques to screen the entire collection to identify those resistant to various diseases. Resistance Screening Techniques and Sources of Resistance The key to the identification of sources of stable resistance is the development of reliable, efficient, and epidemiologically sound screening techniques which discriminate between resistant and susceptible genotypes (Mughogho 1981). ICRISAT screening techniques have been effective for grain molds, downy mildew, stalk rots, rusts, and anthracnose (ICRISAT 1984). 1. Principal Plant Breeder, Cereals Program, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324,India. Mukuru, S.Z. 1992. Using the world germplasm collection in breeding for disease resistance at ICRISAT. Pages 325-328 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review. (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G;D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (CP 736). 325
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Page 326 and 327: example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
Page 331 and 332: for accurate evaluation of resistan
Page 333: most elite lines are placed eventua
Page 337 and 338: that do not lodge are selected. Pos
Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
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Page 344 and 345: fully established the pearl millet
Page 346 and 347: 4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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Page 350 and 351: a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353: Each member of the discussion group
Page 355: Appendix
Page 358 and 359: develop technologies that can enabl
Page 360 and 361: Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
Page 362 and 363: Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
Page 364 and 365: Guiragossian: Farmers and children
Page 366 and 367: Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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Page 370 and 371: say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
Page 372 and 373: the selection criterion that you ha
Page 374 and 375: cattle, but other studies suggest t
Page 376 and 377: If it is argued that oospore infect
Page 378 and 379: Craig: On the basis of our experien
Page 380: Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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