Sorghum Diseases in India

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tion into which the resistance is to be incorporated. When dealing with a disease resistance source that is good agronomically and the resistance is easily transferable, pedigree breeding involving a single direct cross to an existing adapted elite cultivar is an ideal method. In many cases, however, the disease resistant source will have poor agronomic traits. In such cases, a modified procedure may be required. One example would be crossing disease resistance sources "A" with elite line "B". As soon as progeny "C" is stabilized for the desired disease resistance and hopefully some improved agronomic traits, it is immediately crossed to elite line "D" which possesses several desirable traits missing in "C". Strong selection pressure should be applied in early generations of resulting progeny "E" for both agronomic performance and disease resistance and for other desirable plant and grain traits. This provides an opportunity to select away from low yield traits associated with the disease-resistant source. The opportunity to develop a cultivar which combines desirable traits in unique combinations is now available. Population breeding can be a very effective tool for enhancing disease resistance at the population level, especially if individual plants of S1 progeny can be effectively screened. However, it is difficult to simultaneously maintain or concentrate a large number of desirable traits in a population. Extracting individual lines for direct use becomes real problem due to the lack of control over the many undesirable traits usually found in a population, as well as the seemingly dominance of lower yield. Many of the cultivated sorghums possess weedy traits—good for survival, but not for high yield. Population breeding can be a very effective tool to develop diverse germplasm with high levels of resistance to certain diseases. Likewise, it is a useful approach for maintaining a large number of diverse sources of resistance in a segregating situation, from which individual disease-resistant selections may be extracted. In pearl millet, population improvement is very useful since most present varieties are actually random mating populations. A number of sorghum groups such as Guineaense, Dochna-Subglabresent derivatives, and Nervosum (Kaoliang) tend to be low yielding with the low yield behaving much as a domi- 322 nant trait. Breeding with such lines requires using other breeding techniques such as additional backcrossing and intergression. One example of an indirect method of selecting for disease resistance involves charcoal rot and head blight. Resistance or tolerance to postflowering drought stress correlates very well with resistance to charcoal rot, since it is a disease that requires predisposition by drought stress during grain development. In the Texas A&M drought program, we select genotypes which do not prematurely senesce and thus tolerate this late-season stress, possessing what we call the "stay-green" trait. At the same time we exert heavy selection pressure for stalk and peduncle (weak neck) lodging resistance. Resulting lines developed in this way show a very high degree of resistance to charcoal rot and head blight. Discussion of this may be found in Rosenow (1977,1984) and Rosenow et al. (1983). When breeding parental lines for use in hybrids, special techniques are required, but the same principles apply. If disease resistance or other traits are dominant, it is somewhat easier to combine them by using hybrids. However, recessive traits are very difficult when dealing with hybrids as both parental lines must possess the trait. Efficient and effective screening of a large number of genotypes is critical in a successful disease-resistance breeding program. Simultaneous selection for disease and agronomic traits is the ideal. I strongly encourage field screening whenever possible, using natural infection if possible, but inoculation if needed. Large field screening nurseries, combining disease screening and breeding at one or more location where several important diseases naturally occur would be an ideal facility. In the humid south Texas, we sow large sorghum nurseries where many internationally important diseases are endemic. We observe excellent development of grain mold, downy mildew, head smut, and often head blight, anthracnose, charcoal rot, zonate leaf spot, gray leaf spot and MDMV in nearly every growing season. In other areas we sow field screening nurseries for charcoal rot and MDMV. The best breeding lines are then identified from nurseries and tested extensively in Texas and other areas in the All Disease and Insect Nursery (ADIN) and in various head smut, downy mildew, anthracnose, charcoal rot, and lodging tests. The
most elite lines are placed eventually in the International Disease and Insect Nursery (IDIN) and distributed worldwide to anyone desiring seed. ICRISAT's large and effective multilocational uniform disease screening program contributes greatly to the overall disease resistance breeding effort. ICRISAT sorghum and millet pathologists and breeders combine efforts in the Institute's cereals improvement programs. I primarily deal here with sorghum, but the same principles hold for pearl millet, keeping in mind that pearl millet cross-pollinates. A good reference on disease-resistant sources and breeding for disease resistance has been prepared by Andrews et al. (1985). Other excellent references on diseases include Thakur and Chahal (1987), Singh et al. (1987) and Kumar and Rao (1987). These three papers appear in the Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop (ICRISAT 1987). Conclusion A productive disease-resistance program will: 1. Utilize large amounts of genetically diverse material. 2. Sow, at a few prime locations, large field screening nurseries of disease material. 3. Utilize sources with high levels of resistance that are easily (if possible) transferable, stable, and of good agronomic types. 4. Know good and bad traits of all its germplasm and select parents carefully to complement each other. 5. Select simultaneously, if possible, for disease resistance and other desirable traits. 6. Recombine the best sources of resistance, even among early generation sources. 7. Reflect full cooperation between all scientists involved. Breeders must be able to rate for disease resistance and pathologists must work in breeding material with the breeder in the field. Acknowledgment. This report was supported in part by a grant from the United States Agency for International Development. References Andrews, D.J. King, S.B., Witcombe, J.R. Sing, S.D., Rail, K.N., Thakur, R.R., Talukdar, B.S., Chavan, S.B., and Singh, P. 1985. Breeding for disease resistance and yield in pearl millet. Field Crops Research 11:241-258. Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Breeding for disease resistance in sorghum. Pages 137-176 in Proceedings of the International Conference in Host Plant Resistance, 22 Jul to 4 Aug 1979, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station MP-1452. 605 pp. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1987. Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986. ICRISAT Center, India, Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. Kumar, K. Anand, and Rao, S. Appa. 1987. Diversity and utilization of pearl millet. Pages 69- 82 in Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986. ICRISAT Center, India, Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. Rosenow, D.T. 1977. Breeding for lodging resistance in sorghum. Pages 171-185 in Report of the 32nd Annual Corn and Sorghum Research Conference, 6-7 Dec 1977, Chicago, Illinois, Washington D.C., USA: American Seed Trade Association. Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resistance breeding in Texas. Pages 306-314 in Sorghum diseases: a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Rosenow, D.T. 1984. Breeding for resistance to root and stalk rot in Texas. Pages 209-218 in Sorghum root and stalk rots, a critical review: proceedings of the Consultative Group Discussion on research needs and strategies for control of sorghum root and stalk rot diseases, 27 Nov to 2 Dec 1983, Bellagio, Italy. Patancheru, A.P. 323
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
Page 314 and 315: In recent years, the government has
Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323: Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
Page 324 and 325: population densities for optimum yi
Page 326 and 327: example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
Page 331: for accurate evaluation of resistan
Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
Page 337 and 338: that do not lodge are selected. Pos
Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
Page 342 and 343: orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
Page 344 and 345: fully established the pearl millet
Page 346 and 347: 4. Using male sterile and fertile c
Page 348 and 349: of resistance to grain deterioratio
Page 350 and 351: a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353: Each member of the discussion group
Page 355: Appendix
Page 358 and 359: develop technologies that can enabl
Page 360 and 361: Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
Page 362 and 363: Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
Page 364 and 365: Guiragossian: Farmers and children
Page 366 and 367: Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
Page 368 and 369: zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
Page 370 and 371: say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
Page 372 and 373: the selection criterion that you ha
Page 374 and 375: cattle, but other studies suggest t
Page 376 and 377: If it is argued that oospore infect
Page 378 and 379: Craig: On the basis of our experien
Page 380: Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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