Sorghum Diseases in India

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example, in plant growth stage at which SDM resistance is expressed (Pawar et al. 1985). There are other measures available for control of SDM; seed treatment with metalaxyl is effective in protecting seedlings from infection, and in preventing seedborne distribution of the pathogen. Processed seed should be treated with metalaxyl because seed treatment is easily done in seed processing plants. It would be more expensive to treat seed at the farm level, because the cost of the chemical and the cost of application would probably be much higher on a small-unit basis. Reducing disease severities can also be achieved through means other than resistance. Just as it was possible to create high levels of disease incidence with spreader rows between experimental plots in some of the studies presented here, it should be possible to reduce disease levels through cultural means. More studies are needed in this regard. Studies should include cropping arrangements differing in time as well as in space. This study has already shown that various diseases are in fact reducing sorghum yields. The next step in research is to find ways of reducing the losses. References Alexander, J.D., Toler, R.W., and Giorda, L.M. 1985. Correlation of yield reductions with severities of disease symptoms in sorghum infected with sugarcane mosaic or maize dwarf mosaic virus. Pages 109-112 in Proceedings, Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, 17- 20 Feb 1985, Lubbock, TX, USA. Alexander, J.D., Toler, R.W., and Miller F.R. 1984. Effects of maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B infection on growth and yield of susceptible sorghum. Sorghum Newsletter 27:124-126. Chambers, R., and Ghildyial, B.R 1985. Agricultural research for resource-poor farmers: the farmer-first-and-last model Brighton, East Sussex, UK: DP 203, University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies. 29 pp. Craig, J., Odvody, G.N., Wall, G.G, and Meckenstock, D.H. 1988. Sorghum downy mildew loss assessment with near-isogenic sorghum populations. Phytopathology 78. 316 De Walt, B.R. 1982. Farming systems research in southern Honduras. University of Kentucky IN- TSORMIL Report. Lexington, KY, USA: University of Kentucky. 83 pp. De Walt, B.R., and De Walt, K.M. 1984. Sistemas de cultivo en Pespire, sur de Honduras: un enfoque de agroecosistemas. Instituto Hondureno de Antropologia e Historia. 88 pp. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 1985. FAO Production Yearbook, Vol. 39. Rome, Italy: FAO. Fernandez, L.D., and Meckenstock, D.H. 1987. Virulencia de Peronosclerospora sorghi en Honduras. En Memoria de la XXXIII reunion anual del PCCMA (Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios), 30 Mar to 4 Apr, 1987. Guatemala, Guatemala: ICTA. Frederiksen, R.A. 1984. Acremonium wilt. Pages 49-51 in Sorghum root and stalk rots, a critical review: proceedings of the Consultative Group Discussion of Research Needs and Strategies for Control of Sorghum Root and Stalk Rot Diseases, 27 Nov-2 Dec 1983, Bellagio, Italy. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. Frederiksen, R.A. (ed.). 1986. Compendium of Sorghum Diseases. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. 82 pp. Frederiksen, R.A. 1973. Sorghum downy mildew, a disease of maize and sorghum. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Monograph 2. College Station, TX, USA: Texas A&M University. 32 pp. Guiragossian, V. 1983. Reporte sobre el estado de CLAIS y su futuro. Pages 15-19 in Memoria Anual de la II Reunion Anual Comision Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Sorgo (CLAIS), Tegucigalpa, the Honduras, 13-18 Nov 1983. McCulloch, E.R., and Futrell, M. 1983. Socioeconomic and nutrition research concerning sorghum production and use in southern Honduras. Department of Sociology and Anthropology and Department of Home Economics
Summary Report for 1981-1983. Mississippi State, MI, USA: Mississippi State University. 45 pp. Moreno, R.A. 1985. Plant pathology in the small farm context. Annual Review of Phytopathology 23:491-512. Mundt, C.C., and Browning, J.A. 1985. Genetic diversity and cereal rust management. Pages 527-560 in The Cereal Rust, Vol. II. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press. Natural, M.P., Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T. 1982. Acremonium wilt of sorghum. Plant Disease 66:863-865. Navarro, L. 1979. Restricciones socio-economicas reflejadas en sistemas de cultivo practicado por pequenons agricultores. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE. Nolasco, R. 1983. El estado y potencial de sorgo en Honduras. Pages 7-11 in Memoria de la II Reunion, Anual de la Comision Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Sorgo (CLAIS). Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 13-18 Nov 1983. Pawar, M.N., Frederiksen, R.A., Mughogho, L.K., and Bonde, M.R. 1985. Survey of virulence in Peronosclerospora sorghi isolates form India, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Texas (USA.), Honduras, Brazil, and Argentina. Phytopathology 75:1374. (Abstract). Rao, M.R. 1985. Perspectivas del sorgho y milo en los sistemas de cultivo en el noroeste de Brasil. Pages 87-106 in Sistemas de Produccion de sorgo en America Latinao (INTSORMIL). CIMMYT, Mexico. Robinson, R.A. 1975. Plant Pathosystems. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. 184 pp. SRRNN (Secretaria de Recursos Naturales) 1984. Memoria Tecnica Anual 1983, Programa Nacional de Sorgo y Frijol. Tegucigalpa, the Honduras. Wall, G.C. 1986. A study of sorghum diseases in Honduras, their importance under different cropping systems and strategies for their control. Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. 108 pp. Wiese, M.V. 1980. Comprehensive and systematic assessment of crop yield determinants. Pages 262-269 in proceedings, E.C. Stalkman Commemorative Symposium. Miscellaneous Publication 7-1980. Minneapolis—St. Paul, MN, USA: University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Zadoks, J.C., and Schein, R.D. 1979. Epidemiology and Plant Diseases Management. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press. 427 pp. 317
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11:
Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64:
Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
Page 290 and 291: hardness and its relationship to di
Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
Page 314 and 315: In recent years, the government has
Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323: Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
Page 324 and 325: population densities for optimum yi
Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
Page 331 and 332: for accurate evaluation of resistan
Page 333 and 334: most elite lines are placed eventua
Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
Page 337 and 338: that do not lodge are selected. Pos
Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
Page 342 and 343: orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
Page 344 and 345: fully established the pearl millet
Page 346 and 347: 4. Using male sterile and fertile c
Page 348 and 349: of resistance to grain deterioratio
Page 350 and 351: a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353: Each member of the discussion group
Page 355: Appendix
Page 358 and 359: develop technologies that can enabl
Page 360 and 361: Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
Page 362 and 363: Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
Page 364 and 365: Guiragossian: Farmers and children
Page 366 and 367: Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
Page 368 and 369: zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
Page 370 and 371: say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
Page 372 and 373: the selection criterion that you ha
Page 374 and 375: cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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