Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens identified on Sorghum bicolor in central and southern Honduras, 1983 and 1984 cropping seasons. Disease Pathogen Region 1 Acremonium wilt Acremonium striatum C,XCM,EP,FM Gray leaf spot Cercospora sorghi C,Y,CM,EP,FM Ladder spot Cercospora fusimaculans C,CM,FM Anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola C,Y,EP Grain mold Curvularia lunata and Fusarium moniliforme C,Y,CM,EP,FM Leaf Wight Exserohilum turcicum C,Y,CM,EP,FM Head blight, Pokkah -boeng, and stem rot Fusarium moniliforme CEP Zonate leaf spot Gloeocercospora sorghi C,CM,EP Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina C Sorghum downy mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi CM,EP Bacterial Stripe Pseudomonas andropogoni C Rust Puccinia purpurea C,Y,CM,EP,FM Oval leaf spot Ramulispora sorghicola C,Y,CM Sheath blight Sclerotium rolfsii C Covered smut Sporisorium sorghi C Loose smut Sphacelotheca cruenta C,Y,EP MCDV Maize chlorotic dwarf virus EP MDMY Maize dwarf mosaic virus C,Y,CM,EP,FM SCMY Sugarcane mosaic virus C,Y,CM,EP,FM 1. C = Choluteca, Y = Yalle, CM = Comayagua, EP = El Paraiso, and FM = Francisco Morazan, geographic departments of the Honduras. each of these pathogens includes maize, sorghum, and sugarcane. All of these crops are commonly grown throughout the country. In Texas, Natural et al. (1982), using pairedplant comparisons, found that AW caused a 50% yield reduction on a hybrid sorghum (ATx 623 x 77 CS 1). Frederiksen (1984) reported naturallyoccurring AW incidence on a number of experimental sorghum lines at Choluteca in 1982, ranging from 0 to 100%, Traditional landraces show symptoms of this disease, such as vascular discoloration and death of sheath and leaf tissue, but they do not generally appear as severe as on certain susceptible Texas cultivars. Alexander et al. (1984, 1985) reported yield loss caused by MDM on susceptible cultivars in Texas. Both AW and MDM are diseases which lend themselves well to paired-plant comparisons, due to their systemic nature. 306 Materials and methods Sorghum plants naturally affected by AW were identified and tagged early in the growing season (Oct 1983). Healthy plants adjacent to diseased ones were also tagged forming 100 pairs each in cultivar BTx 623 and in landrace, or 'maicillo,' plants. In the same fashion, maicillo plants with MDM were paired with healthy plants and tagged in Oct 1983, 30 days after sowing. These experiments took place at La Lujosa Experiment Station in Choluteca. The fungus Acremonium strictum W. Gams was isolated from wilted plants. All diseased and healthy plants were growing, and the identity of MDMV was verified by serological methods in various seed-production or yield trials.
Tagged plants were harvested at the end of the growing season. Those tagged as diseased with AW were cut and inspected for vascular discoloration. Plant height, panicle length, panicle mass, grain mass, and 100-seed mass were measured. Panicle exertion appeared to be affected by AW, and it was also recorded. Seed number was calculated from grain mass and 100-seed mass. Panicle exertion was measured from base of the flag leaf to base of the panicle. Results Paired-plant comparisons revealed that diseased plants of BTx 623 suffered a 5% reduction in plant height, had a 3% shorter panicle length, and a 52% shorter panicle exertion. They had 24% fewer seeds, a 16% reduction in 100-seed mass, and 36% lower yield (Table 2). Healthy plants were superior in each of these parameters. Table 2. Difference (%) between healthy and acremonium wilt infected sorghum plants for six parameters. Maicillo Parameter criollo BTx 623 Plant height Grain yield Grain head -1 Mass (100 grains)" 1 Panicle length Panicle exertion 3 5** 33** 36** 26** 24** 9 16** 11* 3* 9 52** *, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, in paired Wests. Comparisons between acremonium-wilt and healthy maicillo plants showed real differences in only three of the six parameters. Panicle length was reduced by 11% and seed number by 26%, resulting in a yield reduction of 33%. MDM affected maicillos, reducing plant height by 9%, panicle length by 13%, seed number by 43%, 100seed mass by 25%, and yield by 52% (Table 3). Foliar Diseases on Landrace Cultivars The sites selected in southern Honduras provided differing prevalences of sorghum diseases in farmers' fields. At the first, there was a severe gray leaf spot (Cercospom sorghi) epidemic. The second site was selected because only rust (Puccinia purpurea) was observed, although it was at a relatively low severity. A third site provided an oval leaf spot (Ramulispora sorghicola) epidemic. Materials and methods Data collection was carried out between 12 and 17 Dec 1985, at various locations in Choluteca, the Honduras. Plants were found at stages 11.2- 11.3 of Feekes' scale (Zadoks and Schein 1979). At site 1, in El Rebase, many plants had 100% gray leaf spot severity. At site 2, in Lajero Blanco, the severity or rust was not as high as that of gray leaf spot in site 1. At site 3, in La Joyada, oval leaf spot predominated and many plants had 100% leaf damage. The parameters measured in the field were: plant height, number of green leaves, leaf length, leaf width, panicle length, and disease Table 3. Means and differences for six parameters observed on 34 pairs of MDMV-diseased and healthy plants of landrace sorghum cultivars, or "maicillos criollos." Treatment Healthy Diseased Difference Difference (%) Plant height 318 290 28** -9% Panicle exertion (cm) 7.2 10.4 -32 31% *, ** Significant at 5% and 1% in paired t-tests. Panicle length 25 22 3* -13% Grain mass 23 11 12** -52% -(g) 100-seed Seed mass number (Ha) 2.1 1050 1.6 602 0.5** 448* -25% -43% 307
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
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Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
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Page 352 and 353: Each member of the discussion group
Page 355: Appendix
Page 358 and 359: develop technologies that can enabl
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Page 362 and 363: Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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