Sorghum Diseases in India

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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: its place in modern seed production. Plant Disease 65:638-642. Odvody, G.N., Frederiksen, R.A., and Craig, J. 1983. The integrated control of downy mildew. Pages 28-36 in Proceedings of the 38th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference, Chicago, IL, USA. Washington D.C, USA. American Seed Trade Association. Pinhetro, J.M., and Neto, J.P. da C.1979. Identification of fungi on Sorghum bicolor (L) seeds in Rio Grande do Sul. Agronimia Sulriograndense 15:127-131. Popov, V.I., and Silaev, A.I. 1978. Effectiveness of seed dressing of sorghum against two species of smut disease. Nauch. Tr. Leningrad S-KH Inst 351:85-87. Purss, G.S. 1953. Mold growth on sorghum seed. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 10:125-126. Rani, K., Mohan, M., and Mukerjit, K.G. 1978. Studies of seedborne fungi I: Occurrence of 302 three pathogenic fungi on sorghum seeds. Seed Research 6:38-42. Richardson, M.J. 1979. An annotated list of seed-borne diseases. 3rd edn. Kew, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Saf'yanov, S.P., Bystrova, Z.F., and Silaev, A.I. 1980. Head smut of sorghum. Zaschita rastenii 8:43-44. Sundaram, N.V. 1980. Bacterial diseases. Pages 385-390 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyberabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Tarr, S.A.J. 1962. Diseases of sorghum, sudan grass, and broom corn. Kew, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. 380 pp. Williams, R.J., and Rao, K.N. 1981. A review of sorghum molds. Tropical Pest Management 27:200-211.
Epidemiology of Sorghum Diseases in Central America: a Case Study G.C. Wall 1 , R.A. Frederiksen 2 , J. Craig 3 , and M.J. Jeger 4 Abstract Field surveys were carried out in 1983, 1984, and 1985 in the Honduras, Central America. Twenty-one sorghum diseases were identified. Eight of these were studied with regard to their effect on yield. Near-isogenic populations that were resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to sorghum downy mildew (SDM) were sown in a disease-free area and in a SDM endemic area; a 43% disease incidence reduced yield by 44%. Paired comparisons of diseased and healthy plants showed that maize dwarf mosaic (MDM) caused a 52% yield reduction on 'maicillos,' the traditional landraces. Acremonium wilt caused a 36% yield reduction on a susceptible cv (BTx 623) and a 33% loss on maicillos. A holistic, multivariate study, using data from subsistence farmers' fields, produced a multiple regression model for estimating yields on the basis of plant height, panicle length, and disease severity. The yield reduction estimate for gray leaf spot was 16%; for oval leaf spot, 6%; and for rust, 4%. In fungicide-protected and nonprotected experiments, zonate leaf spot was estimated to cause 15% yield loss, and gray leaf spot 14%. Comparing cropping systems, sorghum-maize intercropping was found to have lower oval leaf spot severity than sorghum growing alone, but MDM incidence was higher. Early sowing of maicillos resulted in higher disease severities than did late sowing. August sowings of improved cultivars had fewer diseases, but higher severities than did August-sown maicillos. Sorghum-bean intercropping did not affect sorghum disease severities. Various sources of disease resistance were identified by screening international and local nurseries. Introduction The area of highest sorghum production in Central America lies along its Pacific coast in parts of Guatemala, the Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. Epidemiological studies on sorghum diseases carried out in the Honduras from 1983 to 1985 are reported here. As is typical of this area in Central America, sorghum production in the Honduras is mainly traditional landraces sown by subsistence farmers; 93% of all production in the Honduras is in the hands of these resource-poor farmers (SRRNN 1984). The crop is used for feeding poultry, swine, cattle, and horses, and as human food. One third of the total production is used for human consumption (De Walt 1982). Sorghum is grown as a risk-reducing crop. In the semi-arid areas where growing maize is risky, sorghum offers a more reliable food source. Even though annual rainfall is ca. 1600 mm, the rainy season normally has an interrupted period called 'canicula'. This canicula often limits maize yields, but not so with sorghum. 1. Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA. 2. Professor, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. 3. Research Plant Pathologist, ARS/USDA, PO Drawer DN, College Station, TX 77841, USA. 4. Head, Overseas Pest Research, Tropical Development and Research Institute, 56-62 Gray's Inn Road, London WC 1X 8LU, UK. Wall, G.C., Frederiksen, R.A., Craig, J., and Jege, M.J. 1992. Epidemiology of sorghum diseases in Central America: a case study. Pages 303-317in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review. (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 303
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
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Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
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Page 350 and 351: a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353: Each member of the discussion group
Page 355: Appendix
Page 358 and 359: develop technologies that can enabl
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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