Sorghum Diseases in India

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Colletotrichum graminicola, the causal pathogen of anthracnose, will cause a panicle and grain blight under cloudy, warm, and humid growing conditions. Infected seeds are discolored, germination is reduced, and seedling blights may occur. Fungicide seed treatment can reduce seedling blight. This disease also causes a stalk and leaf blight, but these are of lesser economic importance than the grain-blight phase (Kramer 1958). Sorghum in storage, like any crop, is subject* to invasion by Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Lopez and Christensen (1963) reported extensive deterioration occurring at 15-46% moisture. Pathogens not Seed Transmitted Seed producers are concerned about yield as well as seed-quality factors. Therefore, they must contend with pathogens that do not affect seeds directly. Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is one example. This virus disease has reached epidemic status in USA, Europe, South America, and Australia. Losses in susceptible cultivars infected during early stages of growth can approach 100%. Control measures include destruction of johnsongrass and other susceptible annual grasses that supply early-season inoculum. Use of tolerant or resistant cultivars is another approach. In addition to causing yield loss, MDMV has been associated with smallseed production when infection is followed by periods of low temperature during grain filling (Edmunds and Niblett 1973). Rust, caused by Puccinia purpurea, can cause serious losses in cool, humid areas of Latin America/southeast Asia, and southern India. Control is best achieved by resistant cultivars. Other significant diseases of sorghum that are not seedborne include gray leaf spot (Cercospora sorghi), tar spot (Phyllachora sacchari), yellow sorghum stunt, incited by a mycoplasma, and crazy top (Sclerospara macrospora). Stand establishment can be a major problem in sorghum production, particularly if sown in cold wet soils (Tarr 1962). The problem is often caused by seedborne fungi, although soilborne Pythium spp also causes this. Fungicides have been effective against common seedborne fungi, but not against Pythium spp. 300 Conclusion More than 40 microorganisms are listed as seedborne on sorghum. This review categorizes them according to the criteria, of transmission to the new crop and/or effects on seed growth. The main inoculum source is seed-transmitted in only three sorghum diseases. Several other important diseases are seed-transmitted, but with these pathogens, residues are usually the more important inoculum source. Grain molds occurring in seed-production fields cause serious losses in seed viability. Fusarium and Curvularia spp are the major causal agents. There are many seedborne microorganisms identified in sorghum that have not been shown to cause a disease as a result of their presence on seeds. Nonseedborne pathogens are also a concern in seed production, because of adverse effects on seed yields or on seed quality. Soilborne microorganisms can cause major problems in stand establishment. References Bain, D.C. 1950. Fungi recovered from seed of Sorghum vulgare Pers. Phytopathology 40: 521- 522. Bain, D.G, and Alford, W.W. 1969. Evidence that downy mildew (Sclerospora sorghi) of sorghum is seedborne. Plant Disease Reporter 53:802-803. Baker, K.E 1972. Seed Pathology. Pages 317-415 in Seed Biology, Vol. II. (Kowslowski, T.T., ed.) New York, NY, USA: Academic Press. 447 pp. Castor, L.L. 1981. Grain mold histopathology, damage assessment, and resistance screening within Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench lines. Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,USA. Castor, L.L., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1980. Fusarium blight occurrence and effects on sorghum yield and grain characteristics in Texas. Plant Disease 64:1017-1019. Chumaevskaya, M.A. 1962. Charcoal rot of sorghum and maize. Zasch. Rast. Moskva 7:56.
Ciccarone, A. 1949. Zonate leaf spot of sorghum in Venezuela. Phytopathology 39:760-761. Dalassus, M. 1964. The principal diseases of millet and sorghum in the Upper Volta in 1963. Agronomie Tropicale 19:489-498. Easwaran, K.S.S. 1967. Seed transmission of bacterial leaf blotch disease (Xanthomonas rubrisorghi) of sorghum in south India. Plant Disease Reporter 51:63. Edmunds, L.K., and Niblett, C.L. 1973. Occurrence of panicle necrosis and small seed as manifestation of maize dwarf mosaic virus infection in otherwise symptomless grain-sorghum plants. Phytopathology 63:388-392. Frederiksen, R.A. 1980. Sorghum downy mildew. Plant Disease. 64:903-908. Frederiksen, R.A., Castor L.L., and Rosenow, D.T. 1982. Grain mold, small seed, and head blight: the Fusarium connection. Pages 26-36 in Proceedings of the 37th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference, Chicago, IL, USA. Washington D.C., USA: American Seed Trade Association. Frowd, J.A. 1980. A world review of sorghum smuts. Pages 331-348 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Futtrell, M.C., and Webster, O.C. 1965. Ergot infection and sterility in grain sorghum. Plant Disease Reporter 49:680-683. Girard, J.C. 1978. A review of sooty stripe and rough, zonate, and oval spots. Pages 228-239 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyberabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Hafiz, A. 1958. Some studies of long smut of sorghum. Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 10:83-87. Hansing, E.D. 1957. Effect of seed treatment with fungicides and with combinations of fungicides and insecticides on emergence and control of covered kernel smut of sorghum in 1956. Phytopathology 47:523. Hansing, E.D., and Hartley, A. 1962. Sorghum seed fungi and their control. Proceedings of the Association of Official Seeds Analysts 52: 143-149. Kaveriappa, K.M., and Safeeulla, K.M. 1978. Seed-borne nature of Sclerospora sorghi on sorghum. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 87:303-308. Kramer, N.W. 1958. The economic significance of disease in sorghum. Pages 123-128 in Proceedings of the 24th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference, Chicago, IL, USA. Washington, D.C., USA: American Seed Trade Association. Lele, V.C., Dhanraj, K.S., and Nath, R. 1966. Seed-borne infection of Sudan Grass: a new record for India. Indian Phytopathology 19:357- 358. Lopez, F.L.C., and Christensen, C.M. 1963. Factors influencing invasion of sorghum seeds by storage fungi. Plant Disease Reporter 47:597- 601. Mathur, S.K., Mathur, S.B., and Neergard, R 1975. Detection of seed-borne fungi in sorghum and location of Fusarium moniliforme in the seed. Seed Science and Technology 3:683-690. Mathur, S.B., Sharma, R., and Joshi, L.M. 1967. Moldy head disease of sorghum: isolation of associated fungi on blotter and agar. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association 32:639-645. Matocha, J.E., Reyes, L., and McCartor, M. 1977. Weathering effects on quality of grain sorghum in Coastal Bend. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report. College Station, TX, USA: Texas A&M University. 301
Page 2 and 3:
Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5:
INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7:
Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9:
Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11:
Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14:
Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16:
inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17:
to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21:
Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23:
annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25:
sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27:
Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29:
References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32:
Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34:
The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36:
Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38:
or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39:
Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43:
Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45:
References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47:
keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49:
lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51:
Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53:
espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56:
Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58:
India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60:
more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62:
Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64:
Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66:
1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68:
Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70:
tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72:
deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74:
Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76:
term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78:
Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80:
Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82:
National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83:
America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87:
eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89:
Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91:
een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93:
Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95:
cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97:
Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99:
Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101:
Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103:
Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107:
S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109:
sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111:
Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113:
easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115:
Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117:
Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119:
Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121:
Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123:
Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125:
Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127:
Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129:
Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131:
Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133:
isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135:
and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137:
more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140:
Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142:
ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143:
Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147:
Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149:
upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151:
strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153:
at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155:
and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157:
Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161:
incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164:
Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166:
observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168:
acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169:
Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173:
direct effects on sorghum seedling
Page 174 and 175:
cumbing to preemergent damping-off
Page 176 and 177:
Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179:
Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181:
sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183:
pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185:
the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187:
Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190:
Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192:
greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194:
of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195:
Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199:
African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201:
Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203:
Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205:
and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207:
ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209:
lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211:
Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214:
Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216:
ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218:
sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220:
Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222:
Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224:
Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226:
oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227:
corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231:
Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233:
iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 234 and 235:
Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239:
Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241:
Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243:
Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245:
Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
Page 246 and 247:
green and slightly shriveled, in co
Page 248 and 249:
pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 250 and 251:
Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253:
pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255:
Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257:
Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259:
Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
Page 272 and 273: ulum dynamics in disease developmen
Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
Page 290 and 291: hardness and its relationship to di
Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
Page 314 and 315: In recent years, the government has
Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323: Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
Page 324 and 325: population densities for optimum yi
Page 326 and 327: example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
Page 331 and 332: for accurate evaluation of resistan
Page 333 and 334: most elite lines are placed eventua
Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
Page 337 and 338: that do not lodge are selected. Pos
Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
Page 342 and 343: orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
Page 344 and 345: fully established the pearl millet
Page 346 and 347: 4. Using male sterile and fertile c
Page 348 and 349: of resistance to grain deterioratio
Page 350 and 351: a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
Page 352 and 353: Each member of the discussion group
Page 355: Appendix
Page 358 and 359: develop technologies that can enabl
Page 360 and 361:
Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
Page 362 and 363:
Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
Page 364 and 365:
Guiragossian: Farmers and children
Page 366 and 367:
Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
Page 368 and 369:
zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
Page 370 and 371:
say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
Page 372 and 373:
the selection criterion that you ha
Page 374 and 375:
cattle, but other studies suggest t
Page 376 and 377:
If it is argued that oospore infect
Page 378 and 379:
Craig: On the basis of our experien
Page 380:
Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
show all

Sorghum Diseases in India

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?