Sorghum Diseases in India

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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum diseases in Rwanda C. Sehene, Breeder and Program Leader, Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Rwanda, PO Box 138, Rwanda Sorghum is a traditional crop grown throughout Rwanda from lowland to highland (
drews, Sorghum and Millet Breeder, INTSOR- MIL, and Professor of Agronomy, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln NE 69503-0723, USA. The major diseases of pearl millet in Zimbabwe are ergot, smut, rust, and downy mildew. Yields of traditional varieties growing in farmers' fields are not affected by current disease levels, but agriculture in many areas is becoming more intensive, and disease pressure is expected to increase, and resistance becomes a factor in selecting for improved varieties and hybrids. Top-cross hybrids and improved openpollinated varieties appear best suited for most areas. Abstract: Maize dwarf mosaic on sorghum in Kenya: some preliminary observations J.M. Theuri and J.G.M. Njuguna, Pathologist/ Virologist and Plant Pathologist, respectively, Kenya National Agricultural Research Center, Muguga, PO Box 30148, Nairobi, Kenya; N.W. Ochanda, Alupe Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 278, Busia, Kenya; and Vartan Guiragossian, JP 31 SAFGRAD, PO Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya. In 1987 maize dwarf mosaic was observed (24- 58% incidence) on sorghum in the Central Province highlands and in the Rift Valley and in the Western Provinces (0-100% incidence). Infection was not observed in the Eastern Province. At the Maguga Center (Central Province highlands), infected plants showed, on average, height reduction of 16% and head size reduction of 13%. At Alupe (Western Province), 10 of the 25 ICRISAT lines in sorghum trials were heavily attacked (disease index 2.5). Ten of the 11 local varieties in the trial showed little infection. Of the ICRISAT lines, ICSH 361 was most affected by the disease, showing the maximum infection score of 5. ICSH 193 was free of MDM virus symptoms. Abstract: Utilization of genetic resistance to diseases D.J. Andrews, INTSORMIL Sorghum and Millet Breeder, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA. The importance of incorporating sufficient durable disease resistance when breeding new crop varieties is usually of equal importance as improving grain yield and quality. However, as with any breeding situation, the greater the number of necessary objectives, the slower will be the overall progress. To be successful, before embarking on breeding for disease resistance, the breeder needs basic information on the nature of the problem: 1. The existing and potential damage to yield. 2. The threshold incidence when yield loss begins. 3. Other factors that help control the disease. 4. The genetic basis for resistance—is it monogenic, multigenic, recessive or dominant, etc.? 5. Existing races or biotypes? Is the pathogen capable of rapidly evolving new biotypes? 6. Available sources of resistance? How good is their resistance and how agronomically good are their backgrounds? 7. Are there environments where resistant plants can be consistently identified? In fact, complete information is never available and always some assumptions have to be made. Each breeder should be aware, however, that the more sparse the information, the more limited may be the success of the effort. In any case, elements 6 and 7 above are crucial to success. Pathologists should know that the overall agronomic value of a source of resistance is very important to a breeder. The best degree of resistance is usually carried in some unadapted germplasm accession, but a source with moderate, though sufficient resistance (how much resistance is needed to lower incidence to the threshold value?) in an adapted background may be preferable because of ease of utilization. For 7, some method of statistically quantifying the degree and consistency of the disease pressure in the selection environment is necessary (e.g, from data on replicated control plots of known resistant and susceptible stocks). 291
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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