Sorghum Diseases in India

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phenolic acids in mold-resistant sorghum varieties. Mold Resistant Population Population improvement using recurrent selection is regarded to be a powerful breeding technique for traits controlled by several additive genes, and we plan to use this breeding tech-, nique to combine mold resistance with agronomically desirable traits. We have started to build a mold resistant composite population that will be improved by recurrent selection. We introduced the male-sterile gene (ms3) into colored-grain mold resistance sources as well as into white-grained, mold-resistant selections to form a broad-based mold resistance population. We also introgressed breeding lines into the population to increase the frequency for highyield potential and agronomically desirable traits. We plan to stabilize the population by allowing it to random mate for three generations before imposing recurrent selection. We will apply minimum selection pressure during the random mating cycles, discarding only those genotypes that are very late and tall. Conclusion In the crossing program, colored-grain germplasm sorghum collection lines with high levels of mold resistance were used for white-grained genotypes with good levels of resistance. The segregating progenies were intensively screened for white-grained genotypes with good levels of resistance. Five white-grained advanced selections with similar mold resistance as their colored-grain parental lines were identified, and are now in the breeding program as sources of mold resistance into developing improved cultivars with good agronomic traits. Mold resistance in the white-grained types was associated with grain hardness, while that of brown-grained types was associated with either high tannin or flavan-4-ol or grain hardness. Cultivars with a combination of these factors were highly resistant. It appears that flavan-4-ol is not produced in white-grained types, either those mold-resistant or those mold-susceptible. At present the only factor known to be 284 responsible for mold resistance in white-grained cultivars is grain hardness. I believe that the grain mold problem is a major factor restricting adoption of improved cultivars in Africa. We should intensify our efforts to breed mold resistance into high-yielding cultivars so that farmers can grow mold-free sorghums. References Bandyopadhyay, R., and Mughogho, L.K. 1988. Evaluation of field screening techniques for resistance to sorghum grain molds. Plant Disease 72(6): 500-503. Bandyopadhyay, R., Mughogho, L.K., and Prasada Rao, ICE. 1988. Sources of resistance to sorghum grain molds. Plant Disease 72(6): 504-508. Bhola Nath, Omran, A.O., and House, L.R. 1985. Identification of a double recessive genotype for "B" genes controlling presence and absence of pigmented testa in sorghum. Cereal Research Communications 13:2-3. Castor, L.L., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1980. Fusariutn and Curvularia grain molds in Texas. Pages 93-102 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Glueck, J.A., and Rooney, L.W. 1980. Chemistry and structure of grain in relation to mold resistance. Pages 119-140 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Hahn, D.H., and Rooney, L.W, 1986. Effect of genotype on tannins and phenols of sorghum. Cereal Chemistry 63:4-8. Halm, D.H., Rooney, L.W., and Earp, C.F. 1984. Sorghum phenolic acids, their high performance liquid chromatography separation and their re-
lation to fungal resistance. Cereal Chemistry 60:255-259. Harris, H.B., and Burns, R.E. 1970. Influence of tannin content on preharvest seed germination in sorghum. Agronomy Journal 62:957-959. Harris, H.B., and Bums, R.E. 1973. Relationship between tannin content of sorghum grain and preharvest seed molding. Agronomy Journal 65:957-959. Jambunathan, R., Bulter, L.G., Bandyopadhyay, R., and Mughogho, L.K. 1986. Polyphenol concentration in the grain, leaf and callus tissue of mold susceptible and mold resistant sorghum cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 34:425. Murty, D.S., Rao, K.N., and House, L.R. 1980. Breeding for grain mold-resistant sorghums at ICRISAT. Pages 154-162 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec. 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Rao, K.N., and Williams, R.J. 1980. Screening for sorghum grain mold resistance at ICRISAT. Pages 103-108 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Williams, R.J., and Rao, K.N. 1981. A review of sorghum grain molds. Tropical Pest Management 27(2):200-211. 285
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
Page 290 and 291: hardness and its relationship to di
Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
Page 314 and 315: In recent years, the government has
Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323: Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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Page 326 and 327: example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
Page 331 and 332: for accurate evaluation of resistan
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
Page 337 and 338: that do not lodge are selected. Pos
Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
Page 342 and 343: orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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