Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreader (S) genotype, grain color, and threshed grain mold rating (TGMR) 1 Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreader (S) genotype, grain color, and threshed grain mold rating (TGMR) of 2 female sorghum parents, of 11 male parents, and their hybrid. Screened for GMresistance, ICRISAT Center, rainy season 1985. 1 of 2 female sorghum parents, of 11 male parents, and their hybrid. Screened for GMresistance, ICRISAT Center, rainy season 1985. White-seeded mold-susceptible female parent Male parent SPL117Ab1b2B2B2SS(5.0) SPL 79 A B1B2b2b2ss(5.0) GM-susceptible SPV 104, b1b1B2B2ss, white
Table 7. Mean threshed grain mold rating (TGMR) 1 Table 7. Mean threshed grain mold rating (TGMR) , and physical and chemical characterstics of grain of six groups of sorghum hybrids, ICRISAT Center, rainy season 1985. 1 , and physical and chemical characterstics of grain of six groups of sorghum hybrids, ICRISAT Center, rainy season 1985. Testa and Floaters (%) 3 Dehulling spreader Pericarp Lines recovery Tannin Flavan genotypes color (no.) Testa 2 TGMR A B (%) 4 (Cat. eq)5 4-ol b1b1B2B2ss/ White 4 - 5.0 76 84 64 0.01 0.07 b1b1B2B2Ss B1B1b2b2SS Red 3 - 4.6 61 74 65 0.03 1.10 B1B1b2b2Ss Red 2 - 3.5 25 27 86 0.03 3.08 B-B2-ss Brown 5 + 4.7 89 94 53 0.32 0.35 B1-B2-S- Brown 6 + 3.1 85 91 62 1.74 1.84 B1-B2-S- Brown 2 + 2.0 15 25 86 3.86 3.96 SE ±0.16 ±1.93 ±3.53 ±1.86 ±0.07 ±0.19 1. TGMR = Threshed grain mold rating on a 1 to 5 scale, where 1 = no mold, and 5 = more than 50% grain surface area molded. 2. Testa present (+); testa absent (-). 3. Floater A - % grains in a sample that floated in a solution of NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 (1.3 specific gravity). Floater B = % grains in a sample that floated in a 1.327 specific gravity solution of tetrachlro-ethylene and odorless kerosene. 4. Percentage of whole grains recovered after dehulling. 5. Cat. eq = Catechin equivalent. hybrids with the spreader gene (B1B2-S-) were high in tannin content and were mold-resistant, while the hybrids with a recessive spreader gene (B1-B2-ss) were low in tannin content and were mold-susceptible. The grains of these hybrids, irrespective of color of their male parents, were low in flavan-4-ol and their grains were soft with floury endosperm. The mold-susceptible male parents having testa layers and testing low in tannin content (B1-B2-ss) produced brown-grained mold-resistant hybrids on SPL 117 A, but brown-grained mold-susceptible hybrids on SPL 79 A. The difference between the two groups of hybrids lies with the spreader gene. Hybrids on SPL 117 A have dominant spreader gene (B1-B2-S-) and are therefore high in tannin content, while those on SPL 79A have the recessive spreader gene (B1- B2-ss) and are therefore low in tannin content. The red-grained mold-resistant male parents (IS 14384 and IS 14390) produced brown-grained mold-resistant hybrids on SPL 117 A and redgrained low mold-susceptible hybrids on SPL 79 A. Hybrids on SPL 117 A were highly resistant because they have a dominant spreader gene (B1-B2-S-), contained high tannin levels and moderate flavan-4-ol levels, and possessed hard and vitreous grains. On the other hand, hybrids on SPL 79 A were low mold-susceptible because they did not have the testa layer and were therefore low in tannin, but differed from the red susceptible hybrids in that they contained moderate levels of flavan-4-ol and their grains were hard and vitreous. The red-grained male parents, however, had higher levels of mold resistance, probably because they contained significantly higher levels of flavan-4-ol and their grains were harder and more vitreous than those of the progeny Except for tannin, phenotypic correlations among hybrids and parental lines (white- or redseeded without testa, and brown-seeded with testa) were significant at the P=0.01 level; (so only in the brown-seeded lines) indicating that high tannin level (testa with spreader gene), high flavan-4-ol, and grain hardness influence mold resistance, independently or in combination. White-grained sorghums do not contain tannin and so far none has been found to contain appreciable amounts of flavan-4-ol Mold resistance in white-grained sorghum lines probably is due to grain hardness or unidentified polyphenolic compounds. Hahn et al. (1984) reported both a greater variety and amount of 283
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
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Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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