Sorghum Diseases in India

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hardness and its relationship to digestibility and mold resistance deserve high priority. Effect of Testa Layer and Spreader Genes Sorghum lines high in tannin content and having the testa layer were reported to be more resistant to grain mold fungi by Glueck and Rooney (1980). The presence or absence of the testa layer is controlled by the B1 and B2 genes. The testa layer is present when the B1 and B2 genes are both dominant (B1-B2). A dominant spreader "S" gene in the presence of a testa layer results in brown-grained with high tannin. We investigated the effect of various combinations of the testa layer and spreader genes on mold resistance in 2 female and 11 male lines and their hybrids. 280 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Floaters (%): 1 = 0 to 10% floaters 2 = 10 to 20% floaters 3 = 20 to 30% floaters 4 = 30 to 40% floaters 5 = 40 to 50% floaters 6 = 50 to 60% floaters 7 = 60 to 70% floaters 8 = 70 to 80% floaters 9 = 80 to 90% floaters 10 = 90 to 100% floaters White-grained Red-grained Brown-grained 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Floaters (%) Figure 5. Frequency distribution of floaters (%) among white, red, and brown-grain F2 segregates derived from a cross between IS 14384 (red-grained) and SPV 104 (white-grained) sorghums. We crossed the 11 male lines with SPL 117 A and SPL 79 A male-steriles with b1b1B2B2SS and B1B1b2b2ss testa and spreader genotypes respectively (Bhola Nath et al. 1985) and produced 22 hybrids with various combinations of testa and spreader genotype. The male lines were grouped into white- and red-grained moldsusceptible; red-grained mold-resistant; and brown-grained mold-susceptible. These hybrids, together with their female and male parents, were evaluated for mold resistance in a randomized-block design with three replications during rainy season 1985 at ICRISAT Center. The testa and spreader genotypes, grain color, and mold resistance ratings of the 2 females, 11 males, and their hybrids are presented in Table 5. Grains of the hybrids and parental lines were scored for mold resistance 54 days after 50% flowering and the floaters (%), dehulling recov-
Table 3. Phenotypic correlation between threshed grain mold rating (TGMR), floaters(%), and tannin content in F2 segregating populations, ICRISAT Center, rainy season 1985. Trait correlated with TGMR Type of material White grain Floaters (%) Floaters (%) Floaters (%) Tannin content ** significant at P = 0.01. IS 14384 x ICSV 1 F2 IS 14384 xSPV 104 F2 SPV 104 x IS 14385 F2 IS 14384 x SPV 104 F2 0.4423** 0.5256** 0.2734** Red grain (testa absent) 0.5239** 0.4689** 0.2452** -0.2374 Brown grain (testa present) 0.0830 0.261** 0.2138** -0.5653** Table 4. Threshed grain mold rating (TGMR) and floaters (%) of six sorghum genotypes harvested at physiological maturity (pm) and 1,2, and 3 weeks after physiological maturity, ICRISAT Center, rainy season 1987. Genotype Grain Time of harvest color Trait pm 1 Grain color Trait pm 1 2 3 SPV 104 White TGMR 3.2 4.9 5.0 5.0 Floaters (%) 99 97 100 100 ICSV1 White TGMR 2.1 4.7 5.0 5.0 Floaters (%) 23 39 60 97 ICSH 153 White TGMR 2.5 4.3 5.0 5.0 Floaters (%) 75 61 77 85 IS 14332 White TGMR 1.2 3.0 4.0 4.8 Floaters (%) 11 44 60 65 B 42237 Red TGMR 3.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 Floaters (%) 90 96 99 96 IS 14384 Red TGMR 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.9 Floaters (%) 26 27 26 33 SE TGMR ±0.1 ±0.3 ±0.2 ±0.2 Floaters (%) ±7.0 ±8.7 ±8.7 ±4.5 1. Time of harvest = weeks after reaching physiological maturity (pm). ery (%), and tannin and flavan-4-ol contents determined. Average TGMR, floaters (%), dehulling recovery
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
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Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323: Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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Page 326 and 327: example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
Page 331 and 332: for accurate evaluation of resistan
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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Page 339: Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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