Sorghum Diseases in India

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Grains of all the F1S were brown and possessed the tannin-containing testa layers; all were resistant to molds. All the F2s segregated into white-, red- (without the testa layer), and brown-grained (with the testa layer) (Fig. 1). Few segregates for each F2 population were white-grained; only 12-27% of the total F2 population was in this category (Table 1). Whitegrained F2 segregates resistant to grain mold (TGMR = 3 or below) were also very few compared to red- and brown-grained segregates (Figs. 2, 3). We selected all white-grained F2 segregates with Threshed Grain Mold Rating (TGMR) of 3 or less but selected only a few highly mold-resistant red-, and brown-grained segregates with TGMR of 2. The selected mold-resistant F2 segregates were advanced during the postrainy sea 276 500 400 300 200 100 0 Crosses: 1. IS 14384 x ICSV 1 2. IS 14384 x SPV 104 3. ICSV 1 x IS 14385 4. SPV 104 x IS 14385 5. IS 14388 x ICSV 1 6. IS 14388 x SPV 104 White-grained Red-grained Brown-grained 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crosses Figure 1. Frequency distribution of white, red, and brown grained F2 segregates derived from each of six crosses between colored grain and white-grain sorghums. sons and screened and reselected for mold resistance during rainy seasons 1983 and 1984. Selection and advancement of red- or brown-grained F2 segregates proved very useful as a number of them were heterozygous for grain color and therefore segregated for white-grained types; these were screened and selected for GM-resistance in later generations. Evaluation in Advanced Selections Advanced mold-resistant selections were evaluated for resistance in a randomized-block design with three replications at ICRISAT Center during rainy season 1985. We included in the trial (as controls) the three colored parental lines (IS 14384, IS 14385, and IS 14388), two white-grained
250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 White-grained Red-grained Brown-grained 0 1 2 3 4 5 Threshed grain mold rating (TGMR) Figure 2. Frequency distribution of Threshed Grain Mold Rating (TGMR) of F2 segregates derived from a cross between IS 14384 (redgrained and mold-resistant) and ICSV 1 (white-grained and mold-susceptible) sorghums. parental lines (ICSV 1 and SPV 104), and five mold-susceptible white-grained cultivars. Five white-grained advanced selections were highly resistant, with average mold ratings of 2.2, compared to 2.3 for red- and brown-grained selections, and 2.4 for the mold-resistant parental lines (Table 2). The white-grained susceptible selections and white-grained parental lines were susceptible with a maximum mold rating of 5.0. White-grained mold-resistant selections, unlike white-grained mold-susceptible selections and parental lines, were significantly lower in floaters (%) and higher in dehulling recovery (%), indicating that their grains were hard with vitreous endosperm; white-grained susceptible lines were soft with flowery endosperm. Browngrained selections have soft grains high in tannin but moderate in flavan-4-ol content, while red-grained selections have hard and vitreous grains high in flavan-4-ol but low in tannin content. The white-grained, mold-resistant lines are tall with long open panicles and are very low in grain yield, just like their red-grained parental lines. We are now using these lines as sources of resistance in the breeding program to transfer resistance into high-yielding, white-grained cultivars with desirable agronomic attributes. We screened for mold resistance in segregating F2 progenies derived from crosses involving these sources during rainy season 1987 at ICRISAT Center and identified a few mold-resistant, white-grained segregates with acceptable agronomic traits. Associated Traits Detailed records of plant and grain characteristics of individual F2 segregates include time to 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 White-grained Red-grained Brown-grained 1 2 3 4 5 Threshed grain mold ratine (TGMR) Figure 3. Frequency distribution of Threshed Grain Mold Rating (TGMR) of F2 segregates derived from a cross between IS 14384 (redgrained and mold-resistant) and SPV 104 (white-grained and mold-susceptible) sorghums. 277
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
Page 314 and 315: In recent years, the government has
Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323: Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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Page 326 and 327: example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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Page 335 and 336: Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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