Sorghum Diseases in India

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and glumes during development. Cereal Chemistry 64:42. Forbes, G.A., Frederiksen, R.A., and Seitz, L.M. 1989. Assessment of sorghum grain mold: disease intensity and disease loss. Seed Science and Technology 17:297-307. Forbes, G.A. 1986. Characteristics of grain mold resistance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Moench). Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. Glueck, J.A., and Rooney, L.W. 1980. Chemistry and structure of grain in relation to mold resistance. Pages 119-140 in Sorghum diseases: a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Hahn, D.H., Rooney, L.W., and Faubion, J.M. 1983. Sorghum phenolic acids, their HPLC separation, and their relation to fungal resistance. 272 Cereal Chemistry. 60:255-259. Hahn, D.H.,, Rooney, L.W., and Earp, C.F. 1984. Tannins and phenols of sorghum. Cereal Foods World 29:776-779. Jambunathan, R., Butler, L.G., Bandyopadhyay, R., and Mughogho, L.K. 1986. Polyphenol concentrations in grain, leaf, and callus tissues of mold-susceptible and mold resistant sorghum cultivars. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 34:425-430. Seitz, L.M., Mohr, H.E., Burroughs, R., and Glueck, J.A. 1983. Preharvest fungal invasion of sorghum grain. Cereal Chemistry 60:127-130. Waniska, R.D., Poe, J.H., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 1989. Effects of weathering on phenolic acids in sorghum caryopses. Journal of Cereal Science 10:217-225. Williams, R.J., and Rao, K.N. 1981. A review of sorghum grain moulds. Tropical Pest Management 27:200-211.
Breeding for Grain Mold Resistance S.Z. Mukuru 1 Abstract Colored-grained germplasm sorghum collection lines with high levels of mold resistance were used for developing white-grained genotypes with good levels of resistance. Segregating progenies were intensively screened for white-grained genotypes, and five white-grained advanced selections with mold resistance similar to their colored-grain parental lines are now in the breeding program. Mold resistance in the white-grained types was associated with grain hardness, while that of brawngrained types was associated with either high-tannin or flavan-4-ol or grain hardness. Cultivars with a combination of these factors were highly resistant. It appears that flavan-4-ol is not produced in white-grained types, either mold-resistant or mold-susceptible. At present the only factor known to be responsible for mold resistance in white-grained cultivars is grain hardness. Intensification of efforts to breed mold resistance into high-yielding cultivars is in order so that farmers can efficiently grow mold-free sorghums. Introduction Grain mold (GM), caused by several unspecified fungi, is a major and widespread problem in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) because of significant reductions in yield and quality of the harvested sorghum grain. The problem has become particularly widespread where early-maturing improved cultivars are cultivated and mature under warm and wet conditions. Grain deteriorates because of breakdown of grain structure and eventual loss of viability from mold-induced physical, physiological, and chemical changes. Endosperm of molded grain appears chalky because of partial hydrolysis of starch and protein. Molded grains may be contaminated with mycotoxins and present health hazards to consumers (Castor and Frederiksen 1980). The only practical and economical methods for control of GM in sorghums are avoidance and/or sowing GM-resistant cultivars. Chemical control of GM in SAT nations is usually thought to be impractical and too costly. Seed dressings may be an exception, but many SAT farmers who grow their own seed will be slow to adopt this practice. Most peasant farmers of limited means in Africa and India have always used the avoidance method of grain mold control—i.e., growing traditional photoperiod-sensitive landraces. These avoid, or escape, the mold problem because the grains develop and ripen during dry weather— after the rains. Pest and pathogen pressures are much reduced at this time. These landraces, however, are bulky plants with poor harvest indices, and often are affected by terminal drought-stress. Another method of GM control used in some areas is to grow high-tannin, colored-grain landraces; these resist grain mold attack, and bird damage as well. Sources with low levels of mold resistance, identified at ICRISAT Center in 1975, were used to develop improved cultivars with mold resistance. The high-yielding, white-grained cultivars that were developed, however, do not have sufficient levels of resistance to control grain 1. Principal Plant Breeder, Cereals Program, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. Mukuru, S.Z. 1992. Breeding lor Grain Mold Resistance- Pages 273-285 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (CP 739). 273
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Page 329 and 330: Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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