Sorghum Diseases in India

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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellus Lodicule Figure 1. Diagram of sorghum spikelet at anthesis showing the ovule, styles, lemma, palea, lodicules, and glumes. sues and the pericarp of the developing caryopses during the next 4 weeks (Castor and Frederiksen 1980). At physiological maturity, colonies of fungi were observed in the starchy mesocarp and the cross and tube cells of the pericarp in all cultivars (Glueck and Rooney 1980). Rain and warm temperatures following anthesis increase fungal colonization of developing caryopses (Castor and Frederiksen 1980; Williams and Rao 1981). In mature grains, wet weather and early fungal colonization increase the rate and extent of deterioration (Glueck and Rooney 1980; Williams and Rao 1981). One measure of fungal metabolism is the presence of ergosterol (Seitz et al. 1983). The ergosterol content of grain and the rate of deterioration of mature grain increased geometrically with degree of rainy weather (Fig. 2). Hence, visual ratings may not be a good predictor of fungal colonization of the grain. Inhibition by Phenolic Compounds Resistant cultivars contain less fungi than susceptible cultivars in the caryopses and glumes (Castor and Frederiksen 1980; Forbes et al. 1989). Resistant cultivars also respond more quickly to fungal invasion via increased levels of phenolic compounds and pigmentation of spikelet tissues than do susceptible cultivars (Forbes et al. 1989). 266 Styles Pedicel- Glume Sterile lemma Palea Ovule Placenta Vascular bundles 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 Weathering scale trend Figure 2. The relationship of ergosterol content in sorghum grain to a visual rating of weathering on a 1 to 5 scale where 1 = less mold and 5 = severe mold. Source: Data from Seitz et al. (1983). It seems that specific phenolic compounds in spikelet tissues limit the growth of fungi. Most cultivars with pigmented testa containing polymers of flavan-3-ols (tannins) resist weathering (Glueck and Rooney 1980; Hahn et al. 1983; Bandyopadhyay et al. 1988). These cultivars normally contain higher levels of phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, and tannins than do cultivars without pigmented testae (Hahn et al. 1984). Apparently, tannins or precursors of tannins impart antifungal and antibacterial activity in the developing and mature caryopses. Cultivars with a red pericarp (with or without a pigmented testa) containing significant levels of flavan-4-ols exhibit resistance to weathering [Jambunathan et al. 1986; Mukuru (this publication)]. Cultivars with a white pericarp without a pigmented testae do not contain significant levels of flavan-4-ols; yet some of these cultivars exhibit resistance to weathering. Apparently, flavan-4-ols and related compounds are involved in some way with resistance to grain weathering. Free phenolic compound and tannin contents in caryopses increase significantly during development (Doherty et al. 1987; Forbes 1986), reaching maximum levels 7-18 days after anthesis (Figs. 3, 4). At maximum, the levels of free phenolic compounds and tannins were two to eight times higher than those observed in the mature grain. Phenolic compounds and tannins are apparently being bound to cellular tissues, and therefore are not extractable for analysis. The
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 3 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 Hegari SC 103-12 Dobbs Tx 2566 0.0 0 3 10 15 20 25 30 35 Time after anthesis (days) Figure 3. Effect of pericarp color and spreader gene on free phenoloic compounds in caryopses of group II and group III sorghums. Source: Doherty et al. (1987). Bound caffeic acid Free phenolic acid (clean environment) Free phenolic acid (weathered environment) Free caffeic acid Free p-coumaric acid W/S R/S W/R R/R R+/R Pericarp color/weathering resistance 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Figure 4. Effect of pericarp color and spreader gene on tannis in caryopses and glume tissues of group II and group III sorghums. Source: Doherty et al. (1987). Bound phenolic acid (clean environment) Bound phenolic acid (weathered environment) Bound cinnamic acid w/s R/S W/R R/R R+/R Pericarp color/weathering resistance White pericarp (W); red pericarp (R); presence of a pigmented testa (+); weathering resistant (R); and susceptible (S). Figure 5. Effect of weathering on free caffeic acid, bound caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and salicylic acid on caryopses of sorghum. Source: Waniska et al. (1989). 4 3 2 1 0 40 30 20 10 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.4 0 Caryopsis Glumes Time after anthesis (days) Hegari SC 103-12 Dobbs Tx 2566 Bound salicylic acid 267
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
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Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
Page 310 and 311: Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
Page 312 and 313: McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
Page 314 and 315: In recent years, the government has
Page 316 and 317: Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
Page 318 and 319: severities. Standard area diagrams
Page 320 and 321: Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
Page 322 and 323: Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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