Sorghum Diseases in India

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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural and histopathological studies of the host-parasite relations of sorghum head smut. Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. 93 pp. Omer, M.E.H., Frederiksen, R.A., and Ejeta Gebisa. 1985. A method for inoculating sorghum with Tolyposporium ehrenbergii and other observations on long smut in Sudan. Sorghum Newsletter 28:95-97. Ragab, M.A., and Mahdi, M.T. 1966. Studies on Tolyposporium ehrenbergii, the cause of long smut of sorghum in Egypt (UAR). Mycologia 58:184- 191. Tarr, S.A.J. 1955. The fungi and plant diseases of the Sudan. Kew, Surrey, UK: The Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 252 Vaheeduddin, S. 1950. Two new physiologic races of Sphacelotheca sorghi. Indian Phytopathology 3:162-4. Vasudeva, R.S., Seshadri, M.R., and Iyengar. 1950. Mode of transmission of the long smut of Jowar (Sorghum). Current Science 19:123-124. Uppal, B.N. and Patel, M.K. 1943. Long smut of Sorghum purpureosericeum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 13:520-521. Wilson, J.M., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1970a. Histopathology of the interaction of Sorghum bicolor and Sphacelotheca reiliana. Phytopathology 60: 828-832. Wilson, J.M., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1970b. Histopathology of the resistance in Sorghum bicolor- Sphacelotheca reiliana interaction. Phytopathology 60:1365-1367.
A Review of Sorghum Grain Mold G.A. Forbes 1 , R. Bandyopadhyay 2 , and G. Garcia 3 Abstract Terminology and definitions, symptoms, causal agents, importance, and control of fungal-related grain deterioration of sorghum are reviewed. The term grain mold (GM) has gained general acceptance as the most satisfactory descriptor of this condition. Two concepts of fungal-related grain deterioration may be found in literature. In one, GM is a condition caused by parasitic and/or saprophytic interactions of numerous fungal spp and the plant at anytime between anthesis and harvest. In the other, only a few fungi infecting and colonizing spikelet tissues prior to grain maturity are involved. Fungi involved in postharvest deterioration (weathering) are not considered part of the GM complex. Numerous forms of GM damage have been described, but little work is reported on quantification of losses. A potential mycotoxin contamination in molded grain samples has been demonstrated. New techniques, including serial dilutions and ergosterol concentration, have been useful in evaluating GM severity. Screening of more than 7000 accessions has identified more than 150 GMresistant lines. Introduction The purpose of this review is to summarize research done on fungal-related deterioration of sorghum grain, frequently referred to as grain mold (GM). Grain mold, in its broadest sense, is certainly one of the major biotic constraints of sorghum for feed and food production. The historical development of GM and its perceived importance were reviewed by Williams and Rao (1981). GM is usually the result of a complex of fungus-host interactions. Because of this complexity, it is difficult to synthesize a coherent review of the related literature. This review discusses GM from these viewpoints: (1) description, (2) importance, and (3) control. This information is intended to complement the review of Williams and Rao (1981). Readers are advised to refer to that review for further discussion and references on various aspects of sorghum GM. What is Grain Mold? Terminology and definition Williams and Rao (1981) reported that numerous and diverse terms have been used to describe fungal infection and colonization of sorghum spikelet tissues. Since publication of their review, consensus has developed among several major institutions for the exclusive use of the term "grain mold" (GM) to describe the condition resulting from fungal deterioration of sorghum grain (Canez and King 1981; Castor 1981; Frederiksen et al. 1982; Forbes 1986; ICRISAT 1986). However, other terms still appear in the recent literature: seedborne fungi (Bhale and 1. Plant Pathologist Centro International de la Papa, International Potato Center, PO Box 5969, Lima, Peru. 2. Plant Pathologist, Cereals Program, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. 3. Plant Pathologist, CIBA-GEIGY, Arias 1851 (1429) Buenos Aires, Argentina, Forbes, G.A., Bandyopadhyay, R., and Garcia, G. 1992. A review of sorghum grain mold. Pages 265-272 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.(CP 738). 253
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
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Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
Page 308 and 309: lated to seed-health requirements f
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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