Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 2. Comparison of disease intensities between sorghum heads inoculated with a 72 h sporidal inoculum and with fresh teliospores of Tolyposporium ehrenbergii. Disease intensity With sporidial inoculum With fresh teliospores no. of sori head -1 (no.) (no.) (0) 33 1 (1-20) 26 20 (21-50) 13 11 (51-100) 9 10 (10-200) • 3 10 (>200) 3 3 Total heads inoculated 87 55 Total heads infected 54 54 Infection (%) 62% 98% Mean disease intensity 2.2 3.3 Cross inoculation with long smut isolates Tarr (1955) reported pearl millet as a host of T. ehrenbergii The causal organism of long smut on the wild sorghum, Sorghum purpureosericeum, in India was classified as T. ehrenbergii var grandiglobum (Uppal and Patel 1943). Other wild sorghum species are predominant in most areas where cultivated sorghum is grown. Cross inoculation tests carried out by the authors indicated no difference between isolates infecting sorghum and the wild sorghum, S. purpureosericeum, but millet in the Sudan was not susceptible to T. ehrenbergii; neither did long smut isolated from millet infect sorghum (Table 3). Control of long smut At this time, the control of long smut by host resistance is under consideration. Clearly, differences in reaction exist. Some old sorghum culti- Table 3. Cross inoculation with long smut isolates. vars, such as BTx 378, are resistant whereas BTx 623 is not. Currently, the sorghum improvement program in Sudan inoculates sorghums for reaction to long smut and a similar program is being considered for Niger and Mali. Evidence of good resistance among the cultivars tested in the Sudan is reported in Table 4. QL 3 (India), SC 326-6, and SC 630-11 E were among the best performers in two seasons' testing. Uniform flowering of sorghum should reduce plant-to-plant spread of the pathogen and lessen the impact of the disease. Study of the effects of the level of smut on disease development has not been carried out. However, the relationship between the level of infection and damage appears to be linear. The Kernel Smuts Covered kernel and loose kernel smut are seedborne seedling-infecting smut fungi. While early workers exploited host resistance and detected Pearl millet Long smut isolate S. purpureosericium Sorghum feterita Baladi Ugandi S. purpureosericium S.bicolor Pearl millet 250
Table 4. Reaction of selected sorghum cultivars to long smut inoculation. 1983 1985 Number of infected/ Number of sori Number of infected/ Number of sori Cultivar Number of inoculated infected heads Number of inoculated infected heads SC 326-6 8/21 3 0/11 0 SC 630-11 E 4/30 1 8/56 5 QL 3 (India) 2/26 2 2/22 2 CR 54:36 48/48 101 14/52 28 Dabar - - 40/41 89 G. Elhaman - - 31/39 11 HD 1 - - 22/34 12 physiological races of these pathogens, virtually nothing outside of the evaluation of fungicides for control of these fungi has been done over the past decade (Frowd 1980). If seed-dressing fungicides are not used, high levels of loose kernel smut develops in ratooned sorghum. Since loose smut may under some conditions be shoot-infecting (Dean 1966), an occasional endemic is possible. References Bhatt, R.S. 1946. Studies in the ustilaginales. I. The mode of infection of the Bajra plant (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf) by the smut Tolyposporium penicillariae Brefeld. Journal of Indian Botanical Society 25:163-186. Briton-Jones, H.R. 1922. The smuts of millets. Egypt Ministry Agricultural Technology and Science Service Bulletin. No. 49. 8 pp. Dasgupta, S.N., and Narain, A. 1960. A note on physiologic races of Sphacelotheca sorghi. Current Science 26:226-227. Dean, J.L. 1966. Local infection of sorghum by Johnson grass loose kernel smut fungus. Phytopathology 56:1342-1344. Frederiksen, R.A. (ed.). 1986. Compendium of sorghum diseases. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press. 82 pp. Frederiksen, R.A., and Reyes, L. 1980. The head smut program at Texas A&M University. Pages 367-372 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Frowd, J.A. 1980. A world review of sorghum smuts. Pages 331-338 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Hafiz, A. 1958. Some studies on long smut of sorghum. Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 10:83-87. Kamat, M.N. 1933. Observations on Tolyposporium filiferum, cause of 'long smut' of sorghum. Phytopathology 23:985-92. Mahdi, M.T. 1962. Studies on Tolyposporium ehrenbergii, the cause of long smut of sorghum in Egypt. Proceedings of the International Seed Association. 27:870-877. Manzo, S.K. 1976. Studies on the mode of infection of sorghum by Tolyposporium ehrenbergii, the causal organism of long smut. Plant Disease Reporter 60:948-952. 251
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
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Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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