Sorghum Diseases in India

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Figure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of a spore ball of Tolyposporium ehrenbergii. Most of the peripheral spores have fallen away. ficially contaminated seed have failed to reproduce symptoms. Similarly, inoculations of plants at juvenile stages of growth did not develop smut. The only method that permits infection is when plants are inoculated at the boot stage before the ear emerges. Infection occurs when the inflorescence is still enclosed in the boot or about the time it emerges when the flowers are very young. Manzo (1976) wrote that floral infection by T. ehrenbergii takes place when inoculation is done at boot stage, with decreasing infection from preanthesis to early anthesis, and infection does not occur during early seed filling. In this respect the mode of infection of T. ehrenbergii is identical to that of T. penicillariae, the long smut of millet (Bhatt 1946). We propose that the annual recurrence of the disease is from spore balls picked up from the soil surface by winds during a dry period, deposited in the flag leaf, then they are washed 248 down in the flag leaf where conditions are conducive for sporidia production and penetration (Fig. 3). This accounts for the occurrence of infected heads under bags. Frequently, perhaps because of the higher humidity, infection is higher under a bagged head than an uncovered head. Bagged sterile heads also develop long smut. Freshly produced spores are again wind blown and could serve as inoculum within the same location. Consequently, experiment station nurseries with several dates of sowing or flowering are more likely, in some seasons, to have high levels of long smut. The fungus penetrates the developing ovary, mostly through the style (rarely through the ovary wall), and rapidly colonizes the internal tissues. Ramification of the invading hyphae is soon followed by the aggregation of spore balls that progress from the upper part of the young sorus. In about 15 days, following inoculation, symptoms of the disease should appear.
10 mm Mycelia invade developing florets Screening techniques Emerging panicle is infected Screening techniques were standardized by using a single petri dish of a 72-h sporidial culture harvested in one liter of water. The teliospore inoculum consisted of two smutted seeds L -1 of water. Three mL inoculum were injected per head. The results (Table 2) indicate the superiority of teliospore inoculum over sporidia; 98% of the teliospore inoculum injections resulted in infection, compared to 62% for inoculations made with sporidia. Within season infection Wind disseminates spores onto flag leaves I II Teliospores overseason in protective sporeballs on the soil Figure 3. Life cycle of Tolyposporium ehrenbergii, causal agent of long smut. Between season infection 300 µm Disease intensity was highest with the fresh teliospores. The method is reliable, and can be easily adapted into a breeding program. It is particularly efficient when using an automatically refilling syringe. Agitation of the container is necessary for uniform delivery. In areas where annual recurrence of the disease is certain, the screening can be done through inoculating early susceptible border rows, which are left for natural spread. The method hopefully helps in exploring all possible means of plant resistance. 249
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 248 and 249: pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
Page 272 and 273: ulum dynamics in disease developmen
Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
Page 290 and 291: hardness and its relationship to di
Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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