Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smuts. Disease Pathogen Method of infection Control method Head smut Sporisorium reilianum Seedling, from soilborne teliospores Covered kernel smut Sporisorium sorghi Seedling, from seedborne teliospore Loose kernel smut Sphacelotheca cruenta Seedling, from seedborne teliospore or shoot infection from airborne Teliospores Long smut Tolyposporium ehrenbergii 246 10 µm At boot stage, smut mycelia actively colonize developing inflorescence Host resistance Fungicide, seed treatment Fungicide, seed treatment Local, floral infecting Host resistance (?) Teliospores are liberated from sorus and fall on the soil Mycelia colonize tissue of the apical meristem Figure 1 Life cycle of Sporisorium reilianum, causal agent of head smut II Smut spores Soilborne spores germinate to infect emerging seedlings Soil line Sorghum seed
Variation in pathogen populations Sporisorium reilianum is composed of physiological races. The importance and status of our understanding of the populations of these fungi were reviewed by Frederiksen and Reyes (1980). For the most part, the populations of the pathogens described then (Frowd 1980; Frederiksen and Reyes 1980) have changed little. The same differential cultivars are used in Texas and the widely grown uniform head smut nursery (UHSN) contains national program differential cultivars, along with cultivars with resistance from other areas. Sources of resistance to head smut in USA Many of the lines identified as resistant by Frederiksen and Reyes (1980) remain useful in 1988. Changes in the pathogen population have not caused an unusual erosion of host resistance. Currently, populations and cultivars of sorghum are being bred for higher levels of smut resistance in Texas. Long Smut The disease has wide distribution in middle eastern countries, the Indian subcontinent, and in the far eastern countries. (Briton-Jones 1922; Tarr 1962; Mahdi 1962; Ragab and Mahdi 1966; and Frowd 1980). Long smut has gained prominence as a serious problem in certain countries in eastern and western Africa. In Sudan, on hybrids especially, annual crop loss was estimated to be 2-5%, but a much higher value (40-60%) had been reported from individual fields in Pakistan (Hafiz 1958). Symptoms of long smut Long smut appears as conspicuous sori affecting individual grains. The sorus is cylindrical and elongate, usually slightly curved with a thick membrane. The spore sac, about 4 cm long and 7 mm wide, splits when mature, exposing a black mass of spore balls. Within the spore mass are eight to ten filamentous structures arising from the base. These are the remnants of the vascular tissues of the ovary. The spore balls are variable in size, globose to oblong, black to dark brown (Fig. 2). Within the spore ball, spores are cemented together and their number varies, depending on the degree of breakage. Thus the size of the spore ball has no significance since its permanency is greatly affected by physical factors. Spores in the middle of a spore ball are somewhat angular, light colored, and thin walled, whereas those on the periphery are dark, echinulate, and globose. Teliospores are about 12 µm in diameter. Seasonal persistence and spread Since the first International Workshop in Hyderabad, in 1978, our knowledge of long smut has expanded. Mahdi (1962) reported that the thermal death point of teliospores was 67°C. However, recent investigations indicate that the spores remain viable after 1 week at 85°C (Hago, personal communication 1988). The highest recorded soil-surface temperature in sorghumgrowing areas of the Sudan is 65 °C. The longevity of spore balls may extend to 2 years or longer. Sporidia in the laboratory retained their viability for at least 255 days (Mahdi 1962) whereas dry sporidia, presumably short-lived, remained viable at room temperature for longer than 1 month (Hago, personal communication 1988). Kamat (1933) claimed that most spores in a spore ball readily germinate on different media and over a wide range of temperature (19-39°C). In sterile distilled water only a few teliospores in a spore ball germinate, forming three- to sixcelled stout promycelium bearing sporidia terminally and near the septa. Sporidia are 8-12 mm, spindle shaped, single-celled, and rarely with a transverse septum. In solid medium, branched germ tubes with clusters or chains of sporidia develop. The optimal temperature for growth is 25-30 °C. The fungus grows well in a variety of media and does not lose pathogenicity after a series of transfers. Evidence from various sources refutes the reports (Mahdi 1962; Ragab and Mahdi 1966) that the long smut pathogen is internally seedborne. The work of Vasudeva et al. (1950), Manzo (1976), and Omer et al. (1985) demonstrates that the pathogen is airborne and infects single florets. Attempts to simulate the disease using arti- 247
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
Page 305: Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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