Sorghum Diseases in India

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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a. Host infection by Claviceps purpurea. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 75:77-90. Shaw, B.I., and Mantle, P.G. 1980b. Host infection by Claviceps purpurea. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 75:117-121. Singh, R 1964. Sugary disease of sorghum. Pages 29-33 in Progress report of the Acceler-. ated Hybrid Sorghum Project and the Millet Improvement Programme. Indian Council of Agricultural Research and cooperating agencies, New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 81 pp. Stephens, J.C., and Quinby, J.R. 1934. Anthesis, pollination, and fertilization of sorghum. Journal of Agricultural Research 49:123-136. Sundaram, N.V. 1968. Sugary disease of jowar - how to recognize and control it. Indian Farming, April 1968 issue: 21-22. Sundaram, N.V. 1970. Sugary disease of sorghum. Pages 435-439 in Plant disease problems: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Plant Pathology, 27 Dec 1966 - 1 Jan 1967, New Delhi, India. Indian Agricultural Research Institute. New Delhi. India: Indian Phytopathological Society. Sundaram, N.V. 1971. Possible resistance to sugary disease in sorghum. Indian Journal of 244 Genetics and Plant Breeding 31:383-387. Sundaram, N.V. 1974. Natural Occurrence of Sphacelia sorghi on Pennisetum typhoides. Indian Phytopathology 27:124-125. Sundaram, N.V. 1980. Sorghum ergot. Pages 377-379 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics. 478 pp. Sundaram, N.V., and Singh, S.D. 1975. A new host for sugary disease of sorghum caused by Sphacelia sorghi Science and Culture 41:528. Sundaram, N.V., Bhowmik, T.P., and Khan, I.D. 1970. A new host for Sphacelia sorghi. Indian Phytopatholgy 23:128-130. Thakur, R.P., and Williams, R.J. 1980. Pollination effects on pearl millet ergot. Phytopathology 70:80-84. Thakur, R.P., Williams, R.J., and Rao, V.P. 1983. Control of ergot in pearl millet through pollen management. Annals of Applied Biology 103:31-36. Willingdale, J., Mantle, P.G., and Thakur, R.R 1986. Postpollination stigmatic constriction, the basis of ergot resistance in selected lines of pearl millet. Phytopathology 76:536-539.
Sorghum Smuts El Hilu Omer 1 and R.A. Frederiksen 2 Abstract The four smuts of sorghum are reviewed in respect to their economic importance, biology, and control The two kernel smuts (Sporisorium sorghi and Sphacelotheca cruenta) have been reduced to minor importance because of seed treatment with fungicides, whereas head smut (Sporisorium reilianum) and long smut (Tolyposporium ehrenbergii) continue to be significant. Resistance to long smut has been developed and work on identifying sources of resistance is underway. Programs to reduce head smut in endemic areas have changed little over the past decade. Introduction Four fungi cause four different smuts in sorghum. The pathogens Sporisorium reilianum (Kiihn) Langdon and Fullerton, Sporisorium sorghi (Ehrenberg) Link, Sphacelotheca cruenta (Kiihn) Potter and Tolyposporium ehrenbergii (Kiihn) Patouillard cause head, covered kernel, loose kernel, and long smut, respectively (Table 1). Head Smut The life cycle of head smut (Fig. 1) has been recognized for some time. The fungus is seedling-infecting from soilborne teliospores. Teliospores survive for many years in the field. In Texas, these spores are estimated to survive up to a decade in soil. Spores germinate by the production of a promycelium (epibasidium). On artificial media these structures produce sporidia. The function or role of sporidia under natural conditions remains unknown. Similarly the nuclear condition of the vegetative and sexual stages of the fungus has not been elucidated,although the parasitic mycelium is dikaryotic (Natural 1983). Colonization of the host following initial penetration and formation of the sorus has been studied in sorghum by Wilson and Frederiksen (1970a, 1970b), and Natural (1983). The process of colonization appears to be similar in sorghum and maize. Mycelium of the pathogen grows toward differentiating meristem, where it grows systemically with the host. When differentiation begins in the host, the smut fungus also organizes its sorus within the host The fungus differentiates into sporogenous hyphae, cells that ultimately produce spores and spore balls; partitioning hyphae, mycelium that grows within the sorus among the sporogenous hyphae and nonsporogenous hyphae for all other hyphae in the sorus. Some of the nonsporogenous hyphae, along with two or three cell layers of host cells form the peridium. As the sorus matures and dries, the peridium ruptures and releases spores that fall to the soil for the next cycle. As the sorus continues to release spores, the vascular strands of the host remain. There are a wide range of symptoms for sorghum head smut, based in part on the time and extent of colonization and the length of time after maturity that the diseased plant survives (Wilson and Frederiksen 1970a). 1. Plant Pathologist, Agricultural Research Corporation, Gezira Agricultural Research Station, Wed Medani, Sudan. 2. Professor, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. El Hilu Omer and Frederiksen, R.A. 1992. Sorghum smuts. Pages 245-252 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 245
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
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Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
Page 300 and 301: Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
Page 302 and 303: Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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