Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhosts of Sphacelia sorghi. Name Reference Host Cenchrus ciliaris Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) 1,2 G setigerus Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971) 1,2 Iscltaemum pilosum Singh (1964) 1,2 ; Sundaram and Singh (1975) 2 Pennisetum orientate Sundaram et al. (1970) 2 P.typhoides R typhoides Reddy et al (1969) 2 , Sundaram (1974) 2 Sorghum arundinaceum Ramakrishnan (1947) 1,2 S. caffrorum Ramakrishnan (1947) 1,2 S. halepense Ramakrishnan (1947) 1,2 S. membraceum Ramakrishnan (1947) 1,2 S. nitens Ramakrishnan (1947) 1,2 S. Verticelliflorum Ramakrishnan (1947) 1,2 Zea mays Futrell and Webster (1966) 1 ' 2 , Chinnadurai and and Govindaswamy (1971a) 1,2 Nonhost Avena sativa Singh (1964) Brancharia ramosa Sundaram et al. (1970) Cenchrus ciliaris Sundaram et al. (1970) Cyandpm dactylon Sundaram et al. (1970; Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Dicanthium annulathum Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Echinocloa colonum var. frmuantacea Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Elusine coracana Singh (1964), Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Heteropogon contortus Sundaram et al. (1970); Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Iseilem laxum Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Panicum antidotale Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P. maximum Sundaram et al. (1970); Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1970a) P.miliaceum Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P.milliare Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) R scrobiculatum Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Pennisetum ciliaris Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P. hohenackeri Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P. massicum Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P.orientale Sundaram et al. (1970) R polystachyon Sundaram et al (1970) P. purpureum Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P.ruppelli Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P. squamulatum Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) P.typhoides Singh (1964); Futrell and Webster (1966); Chinnadurai and Govindaswamy (1971a) Rhynchylertrium roseum Sundaram et al. (1970) Secale cereak Singh (1964) Setaria italica Singh (1964) Triticum vulgare Singh(1964) 1. Cross inoculation tests (sorghum-host-sorghum-host) were not conducted. 2. Noninoculated controls not maintained. 240
Host resistance Sowing of resistant cultivars is probably the most practical, economical, and effective method to control ergot. However, resistant lines are not available. Identification of sources of resistance requires a long-term systematic approach, and a major prerequisite is an effective screening technique to identify resistant lines in a large population. Screening technique Artificial inoculation methods must take into account the importance of flowering biology in disease development. It is improper to pollinate spikelets prior to inoculation, because pollination interferes with infection. Evaluation of pollinated and then inoculated spikelets would measure escape, rather than resistance. Therefore, it is important to remove all spikelets flowering prior to inoculation. This was not taken into account in the inoculation methods followed earlier (Singh 1964; Sundaram 1971; Khadke et al. 1978). At ICRISAT Center, we have devised a screening methodology after carefully considering these factors. It was effectively used for resistance screening by the national programs of Ethiopia and Rwanda, in cooperation with ICRISAT. In brief, the technique is as follows: All spikelets flowering before inoculation were cut and removed, retaining all spikelets in priinary branches borne on two or three nodes below the cut portion. Only spikelets in these primary branches were inoculated and evaluated. Trimmed panicles were inoculated with a suspension of fresh honeydew (10 6 spores ml/ 1 ) twice at 2-day intervals and bagged for 15 to 20 days. Overhead sprinkler irrigation was used for 1 h each morning for about 20 days after flowering. For evaluation, 100 spikelets were observed in the inoculated primary branches. The number of spikelets with fungal stromata were counted, and ergot severity was recorded as the percentage of ergot-infected florets. Qualitative visual rating (Sundaram 1980), although simpler, is less appropriate than the quantitative ergot-severity measurement employed at ICRISAT Center; this is because all of the infected spikelets may not be visible (sorghum grains, unlike those of pearl millet, are not on one plane in the panicle), and honeydew from an infected spikelet may smear a neighboring healthy grain, causing it to appear to be infected. Sources of resistance Reliable information on sources of resistance is meager. Several thousand gennplasm accessions have been screened under artificial inoculation to identify resistant sources (Singh 1964; Chinnadurai et al. 1970b; Sundaram 1970,1980; and Khadke et al. 1978). However, these reports were based on results of 1 year's nonreplicated trials, and lines thought resistant proved to be otherwise in subsequent trials. A major resistance screening activity, in collaboration with ICRISAT, is presently underway in the east African countries of Ethiopia and Rwanda. It is being done without, overhead sprinkler irrigation at 'hot spots', using the screening technique described above. In 1987, the sorghum collection in Rwanda was screened at the Rubona and Karama research stations of Rwanda. Not one accession showed a high level of resistance. In Ethiopia, 248 genotypes with intermediate and highland adaptation were tested at Arsi Negele Research Station. We selected 27 accessions with less than 5% infected florets, and among these ETS 2454, ETS 3135, ETS 3147, ETS 2148, ETS 3286, ETS 3753, ETS 4762, and ETS 4485 were least infected (1-2% infected florets). These selections will be screened again in Ethiopia and Rwanda to see if resistance can be confirmed. The lack of confirmed sources of resistance to sorghum ergot underscores the urgency to identify ergot-resistant sources. The greatest need is in male-sterile lines, although chances of identifying or breeding ergot-resistant male steriles appear slim in view of the role of pollen in the disease. Control of ergot must integrate all methods known to reduce the disease, but more research is needed in this direction. Research Needs This review shows that research on sorghum ergot has been largely superficial, and that wide gaps exist in knowledge of the biology of the 241
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 248 and 249: pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
Page 294 and 295: phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
Page 297: Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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