Sorghum Diseases in India

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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows and later sowing (by about 3 weeks) of the test entries. QL 11 was symptomless for 3 years in the sick plot; QL 3 was symptomless in 1986 and 1988, but showed a mild mosaic in 1987. Local germplasm, locally developed varieties, hybrids, and foreign introductions, showed chlorosis at altitudes from 100 to 1670 m in several countries. In Zambia, Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) showed chlorosis after natural infection in 1986. In South Africa, both maize dwarf mosaic and sugarcane mosaic virus have been reported, and the latter appears to be increasing in importance (McLaren, personal communication 1988). Virus has not been officially reported in sorghum in Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia, or Zimbabwe. Virus-like symptoms were observed in Zimbabwe from 1986 to 1988 and in Swaziland in 1987. It was established that the virus in Zambia differs serologically from the virus on sorghum in India (Reddy 1987). Of the 106 grass species tested for resistance to virus by Rosenkranz (1987), 29 are present in Zimbabwe (National Herbarium and Natural Botanic Garden, personal communication 1987). Of these, six were susceptible and seven moderately susceptible to the viruses in Mississippi (Rosenkranz 1987). Several of the grasses, such as Echinochloa colona, Digitaria ciliaris, and Eragrostis ciliaris, are common in the region. It needs to be determined if these grasses can serve as reservoirs for viruses infective to sorghum. B. Bacterial diseases Bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv holcicola). It is considered important in Angola (Marcelino, personal communication 1988) and in the Republic of South Africa (McLaren, personal communication 1988). Bacterial leaf streak and possibly leaf stripe symptoms were common on sorghum varieties and sudangrass in Lesotho (Qhobela et al. 1986, pp. 9-42). Bacterial stripe (Pseudomonas sp). It occurred in several other countries (Rothwell 1983; Shao 1984). Plant quarantine regulations of Malawi and the Republic of South Africa require that imported seed be free from Pseudomonas andropogonis (Williams et al. 1980; McLaren, personal communication 1988). In 1986, cooperative 14 efforts by SADCC/ICRISAT and Kansas State University, USA got underway; its purpose is to learn more about pathogenic bacteria affecting sorghum. In Zambia, bacterial symptoms were observed but the pathogen or pathogens were not identified (Angus 1965, 1966). The loss in biomass caused by bacteria on sorghum in the region requires quantification. C. Fungal diseases Eight fungal foliar pathogens: Cercospora sorghi, Colletotrichum graminicola, Exserohilum turcicum, Gloeocercospora sorghi, Peronosclerospora sorghi, Ramulispora sorghi, R. sorghicola and Puccinia purpurea commonly occur in the region (Angus 1965, 1966; Williams et al. 1980; Rothwell 1983; Plumb-Dhindsa and Mondjane 1984; Shao 1984; Qhobela et al. 1986; Botswana: Ministry of Agriculture 1987; and McLaren, personal communication 1988). Their economic importance is not known. In 1986, cooperative efforts with Texas A&M University and ICRISAT got underway, working with downy mildew and the isolation, culturing, and screening of leaf spot diseases. Anthracnose. It is recorded in seven countries of southern Africa (Table 2). In 1987 at Mansa, Zambia, a good number of entries from the Zambian program and ICRISAT were susceptible to anthracnose. In the 1987/88 season, with the assistance of an ICRISAT Center scientist, SADCC/ICRISAT began screening for resistance to anthracnose in Zambia. In 1988, it was confirmed that certain sorghums, including several lines resistant to anthracnose in India during the last 10 years, were susceptible at several research stations in Zimbabwe. Leaf blight. Since the 1986/87 season, the SADCC/ICRISAT program is assisting scientists with the Zimbabwe Sorghum Improvement Program; the purpose is to develop expertise in screening for resistance to leaf blight. In Zimbabwe, Gwebi (17°41'S latitude, 30°52'E longitude, 1448 m altitude, 826 mm rainfall) and Henderson (17 °35'S latitude, 30°58'E longitude, 1292 m altitude, 869 mm rainfall) regularly had leaf blight epiphytotics. Some white-grained sorghums showing resistance to leaf blight at Gwebi during the last 2 years were Siloe Best, Nyakosaba Best, and Tenant White (Lesotho),
Segaolane, Marupantse and Kanye (Botswana), SAR 1, QL 3, (148 x Framida) -sel, KU 302; KU 417, (SC 108-3 x CS 3541) -sel and (IS 12611 x SC 108-3) -sel Red-grained sorghums with resistance to leaf blight were the Botswana varieties 65 D and Town. The variety Framida and the hybrids PNR 8544 and PNR 8311 were susceptible to leaf blight. Downy mildew. Epiphytotics occurred regularly in Botswana (Botswana: Ministry of Agriculture, 1987), Zimbabwe, and Zambia at locations situated at altitudes from sea level to 1448 m and rainfall of more than 400 mm. During a 29-day drought period in January and February 1987, severities increased uniformly, likely because leaf wetness caused by dew persisted long enough for successful infection. In Zimbabwe, research was initiated to study yield loss, using chemicals to control the disease in the control plots. With the assistance of ICRISAT scientists, moderate-scale sorghum downy mildew sick plots of 2.5 hectares each, were developed by adapting techniques for use at the SADCC/ ICRISAT Sorghum and Millets Improvement Program at Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (20°24'S latitude, 28°28'E longitude, 1342 m altitude, 594 mm rainfall) in the 1986/87 season and at Golden Valley, Zambia, in the 1987/88 season. At Bulawayo it was established that the ratoon and the downy mildew pathogen can survive the cold dry season, and that spreader rows can be well established with inoculum from the surviving ratoon. By late September 1987, there were about 10 stems m -2 ; about 50% of the stems were showing symptoms of systemic infection. Sandala released in Tanzania, ZSV 1 (= ICSV 2 = SPV 386) released in Zambia in 1983, and SV 1 (= ICSV 112 = SPV 475) released in 1985 in Zimbabwe, were all resistant to downy mildew following inoculation. Framida, Serena, Red Nyoni, SV 2 (Zimbabwe), and Tegemeo (Tanzania) appeared moderately susceptible. Marupantse, Kanye, 65 D, Town and Segaolane (least susceptible) from Botswana, Siloe Best, Nyakosa Best and Tenant White from Lesotho, and Red Swazi (from Zimbabwe) were susceptible. The commercial hybrids PNR 8311 and PNR 8544 appeared resistant in 1987, but only moderately resistant in 1988. DC 75 was moderately susceptible. Resistance was found in local collections from many southern African countries, although not in Botswana and Swaziland. Resistance was found, however, in germplasm that had been newly introduced to these countries. Many entries which were identified as resistant at ICRI SAT Center, such as QL 3 and entries from the International ICRISAT Sorghum Downy Mildew Nursery, appeared resistant in Zimbabwe. Considering that a good number of advanced entries appeared to be resistant (38-75% of the entries in the Zimbabwean national nurseries at Matopos in 1987), it does not appear to be essential to develop a separate program to transfer genes from highly resistant material to locally adapted material. Two forms of incomplete resistance were observed which will receive further attention to find practical uses: In one, symptoms were present on all leaves, but head exertion and fertility were normal. In the other, symptoms appeared immediately after infection in the seedling stage, but disappeared during crop development, and seed production appeared normal. It was furthermore observed at Matopos, Zimbabwe, that symptoms of systemic infection disappeared during the cold dry season, but reappeared when it was warmer in late September. Considering the crop's vulnerability, as seen in Botswana and Lesotho, and the common occurrence of downy mildew in countries such as Zambia and Zimbabwe, it is important for farmers of the southern African region that Zambia and Zimbabwe continue the regional screening activities initiated with the assistance of SADCC/ICRISAT Sorghum and Millets Improvement Program. Chemical seed treatment to control downy mildew, initiated in Botswana and Zimbabwe, needs attention relative to use in other areas. Sooty stripe. Severe epiphytotics have occurred at several locations in Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. A Sooty Stripe and Downy Mildew Resistance Nursery was established in Zambia in 1986 for further testing in the region. ZSV 1 (a Zambian release) and Tegemeo (Tanzania) have shown outstanding resistance. Germplasm has been collected from western and eastern Africa and from Texas A&M University (INTSOR- MIL) for confirmation of resistance at this nursery. Rust. Severe epiphytotics occur regularly at several locations in Malawi, Swaziland, Tanzania, 15
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15 and 16: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76:
term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78:
Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103:
Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143:
Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271:
Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
Page 326 and 327:
example, in plant growth stage at w
Page 329 and 330:
Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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