Sorghum Diseases in India

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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resistance breeding in Texas. Pages 306-314 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Rosenow, D.T. 1984. Breeding for resistance to root and stalk rots in Texas. Pages 209-218 in Sorghum root and stalk rots, a critical review: proceedings of the Consultative Group Discussion on Research Needs and Strategies for Control of Sorghum Root and Stalk Rot Diseases, 27 Nov-2 Dec 1983, Bellagio, Italy. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Saccas, A.M. 1954, Les Champignons parasites des sorghos (Sorghum vulgare) et des penicillaries (Pennisetum typhoidum) en Afrique Equatorial Francaise, Agronomie Tropicale Nogent 9:135-173, 263-301,647-686. Salama, l.S. 1979. Investigations of the major stalk, foliar, and grain diseases of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) including studies on the general nature of resistance. Fourth Annual Report, Field Crops Research Institute, United States Agricultural Research Program, PL 480, Project No. E6-ARS-29, Giza, Egypt. Schoeneweiss, D.E 1978. Water stress as a predisposing factor in plant disease, Pages 61-99 in Vol. 5, Water deficits and plant growth (Kozlowski, T.T., ed) New York, NY, USA: Academic Press. 323 pp. Sheldon, J.L. 1904. A corn mold (Fusarium monilifonne n. sp.). Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report (1903) 17:23-32. Tarr, S.A.J. 1962. Diseases of sorghum, sudangrass and broom corn, Kew, Surrey, UK: Com 234 monwealth Mycological Institute. 380 pp. Trimboli, D.S., and Burges, L.W. 1983, Reproduction of Fusarium moniliforme basal stalk rot and root rot of grain sorghum in the greenhouse. Plant Disease 67:891-894. Tullis, E.C. 1951. Fusarium moniliforme, the cause of a stalk rot of sorghum. Texas Phytopathology 41:529-535. Ullstrup, A.J. 1936. The occurrence of Gibberela fujikuroi var. subglutinans in the United States. Phytopathology 26:685-693. Uppal, B.N., Kolhatkar, K.G., and Patel, M.K. 1936. Blight and hollow-stem of sorghum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 6:1323-1334. Voorhies, R.K. 1933. Gibberella moniliforme on corn. Phytopathology 23:368-378. Wadsworth, D.E, and Sieglinger, J.B. 1950. Charcoal rot of sorghum, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. B-355. Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA: Oklahoma A&M College and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 7 pp. Wall, G.C., Meckenstock, D.H., Nolasco, R., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1985, Effect of Acremonium wilt on sorghum in Honduras. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 75:1341. Zummo, N. 1969. Bacterial soft rot, a new disease of sweet sorghum. Phytopathology 59:119 (abstract). Zummo, N. 1980. Fusarium disease complex of sorghum in West Africa. Pages 297-299 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
Sorghum Ergot R. Bandyopadhyay 1 Abstract Ergot, caused by Sphacelia Sorghi is an increasingly important disease of sorghum in eastern and southern Africa as well as Asia. The disease reaches economically significant levels particularly in sterile sorghums. Currently there are no distinct sources of host resistance, and other methods for control in areas where the pathogen is endemic, have not been established. Management of ergot in sorghum remains a major concern for the improvement of sorghum in much of the sorghumgrowing region of Africa and Asia. Ergot is known to occur in Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in Africa; and India, Japan, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Yemen Arabic Republic in Asia. It has not been reported in the Americas, Australia, or Europe. Information of the disease is reviewed, gaps in knowledge indicated, and areas for future research suggested. Introduction Ergot causes grain yield reduction because infected spikelets do not produce grain. Honeydew exuded from infected florets can smear healthy grains; saprophytes grow and reduce the quality of grains. Published data on crop loss are not available. Ergot is a serious limiting factor in production of hybrid seed, particularly if seed-set in male-sterile lines is delayed due to lack of viable pollen caused by nonsynchronous flowering of male steriles and restorers. Moreover, environmental conditions favorable for disease development are not congenial for rapid seed-set, thus making spikelets more vulnerable to ergot attack. In India, where hybrid seeds are in great demand but in short supply, the damage is twofold: directly through loss in seed yield, and indirectly through rejection of ergot-sclerotia contaminated seed lots due to poor quality If the disease strikes in new areas where farmers are totally dependent on hybrids, the effect would be devastating. Ergot can also cause widespread damage of male-fertile cultivars in farmers' fields when environmental conditions favorable to the pathogen occur at flowering (Molefe 1975; Kukadia et al.1982). Dihydroergosine is the major alkaloid in sorghum ergot sclerotia and honeydew, but four clavine alkaloids are also produced (Mantle 1968). The alkaloid spectrum in sclerotia collected from diverse sources may be uniform, but their concentrations differ (Molefe 1975). From rat-feeding trials, Mantle (1968) concluded that sorghum ergot sclerotia was the least toxic, if toxic at all, of all alkaloid-containing ergots. Symptoms The earliest symptom of the disease may be seen on the ovary if the glumes are opened 3-5 days after infection. The infected ovary appears dull 1. Plant Pathologist, Cereals Program, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. Bandyopadhyay, R. 1992. Sorghum ergot. Pages 235-244 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (CP 740). 235
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
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Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
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Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
Page 288 and 289: Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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Page 292 and 293: Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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