Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes crossed, and root infection scores of four sorghum genotypes (rated as nonsenescents) grown at four locations in India, postrainy seasons 1985/86 and 1986/87. Geno- type Location Lodging (%) 1985/86 1986/87 Soft stalk (%) No. of nodes crossed Root infection score 1985/86 1986/87 1985/86 1986/87 1985/86 1986/87 Q101 Patancheru 0 0 " 0 0 0 0 3.6 2.9 Dharwad 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 2.1 Nandyal Bijapur 0 0 0 - 63 1.5 0.3 0.05 4.3 3.75 1 0 - 0 - 2.0 - Q102 Patancheru 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3 1.8 Dharwad 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4 2.0 Nandyal 2.5 0 3.8 1.5 0.2 0.05 4.3 2.95 Bijapur 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.8 - Q103 Patancheru 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1 2.3 Dharwad 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4 2.0 Nandyal 0 2.5 0 935 0 0.25 3.7 3.35 Bijapur 0 - 0 - 0 - 2.3 - Q104 Patancheru 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.72 2.3 Dharwad 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 2.0 Nandyal 1.8 6.85 1.3 60.72 0.1 2.9 4.7 4.5 Bijapur 0 - 0 - 0 0 1.3 - Control Patancheru 71 100 71 100 2.7 4.6 5.0 4.6 (CSH 6) Dharwad 73 100 73 100 3.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 Nandyal 100 100 100 100 5.1 5.7 5.0 5.0 Bijapur 100 - 0 - 0 - 5.0 - SE Patancheru ±75 ±6.92 ±7.4 ±3.42 ±0.3 ±2.06 ±0.4 ±0.41 Dharwad ±10.8 ±5.59 ±11.4 ±7.47 ±0.7 ±0.20 ±0.4 ±0.33 Nandyal ±4.9 ±9.56 ±5.6 ±8.63 ±0.4 ±0.29 ±0.3 ±5.14 Bijapur ±4.3 - ±5.4 - ±0.3 - ±0.4 - 1. Poor emergence, experiment abandoned. 2. At Nandyal, Q104 was harvested 5 weeks after physiological maturity in 1986/87. specific stress level, a genotype would show stability in nonsenescence at several locations, but beyond that it may not Further research is needed to explain this. Resistance sources Hoffmaster and Tullis (1944), in a most comprehensive testing program, screened 232 sorghum lines of diverse genetic background for 4 years at four locations. Although they found differences in stability to charcoal rot resistance in these lines, data showed no stability in performance of the lines from season to season. They concluded, "it is impossible, from the data available, to recommend certain varieties for lo 228 calities in which macrophomina dry rot is a limiting factor.'' In ICRISAT's charcoal rot research project we have also found inconsistencies in reaction to the disease by a large number of germplasm lines. This lack of stability is due to different levels of predisposition to the disease. However one line, E 36-1, has consistently shown resistance to lodging at several locations in 3 to 5 years of testing. Fungal isolations from roots and stalks showed presence of charcoal rot, but the infection was not severe enough to cause lodging (ICRISAT 1983). Rosenow (1980) identified 13 nonsenescent lines as good sources of resistance to charcoal rot. The stability of these lines in other countries where charcoal rot is a problem needs further evaluation. The need for stable
and better sources of resistance is obvious. Most of ICRISAT's sorghum germplasm collection (more than 20 000 lines) has not been screened, and it is conceivable that these (especially among lines from drought-prone areas) include lines resistant to charcoal rot. However, the priority should be to develop a reliable screening technique that can be used to distinguish resistance from susceptible lines under graded levels of drought stress. Fusarium Root and Stalk Rot Fusarium root and stalk rot caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme has become an increasingly common stalk rot disease of sorghum in many areas of western Africa (Saccas 1954; Tarr 1962; Zummo 1980). In USA, the disease is generally found in the areas where charcoal rot occurs, particularly on the High Plains from Texas to Kansas (Edmunds and Zummo 1975). Fusarium moniliforme incites seed rots, seedling blights, and root and stalk rots of numerous crops, including maize, rice, millet, sudangrass, sugarcane, and sorghum (Bolle 1927,1928; Dickson 1956; Bourne 1961; Sheldon 1904; Ullstrup 1936; and Voorhies 1933). F. moniliforme affects sorghum plants at all growth stages. It causes diseases such as pokkah boeng. Etiology and symptoms The fungus persists on plant residues that remain in the soil or rest on its surface. Mycelia, conidia, and (in its perfect state, Gibberella fujikuroi), ascospores may be produced on or in plants or the soil at any time during the growing season, and secondary infections of host tissue may occur when environmental conditions favor disease development. Infection starts in the roots, typically involving the cortical and then the vascular tissues. Newly formed roots may exhibit distinct lesions. Older roots are often destroyed, leaving little plant anchorage. If root rot is extensive, the sorghum plants are often easily uprooted. Fusarium stalk rot is usually accompanied by root damage. Under irrigation and heavy nitrogen fertilization/root damage may not change above-ground appearances before the stalk begins to rot. Stalk rot may reduce seed fill; grain weight losses may be as high as 60%. Fusarium stalk rot apparently requites some predisposing conditions for disease development as plants approach maturity, and is usually most damaging during cool wet weather following hot, dry weather. Trimboli and Bulges (1983), in greenhouse trials, reproduced basal stalk rot and root rot on grain sorghum plants growing in Fusarium moniliforme-iniected soil at optimal soil moisture, then at flowering subjected the plants to a gradual development of severe drought stress between the flowering and the middough stages, followed by rewetting. Stalk rot did not develop, nor was root rot severe, in plants grown to maturity at optimal soil moisture, although many of these plants were infected by F. moniliforme. Stalk and root rot developed in the majority of stressed plants grown in soil initially noninfested but contaminated by F. moniliforme after sowing. Fusarium stalk rot can usually be distinguished from charcoal rot by the less-pronounced pigmentation and disintegration of pith tissues and the slower rate of tissue damage by fusarium. Charcoal rot may destroy a field of sorghum in 2 or 3 days; Fusarium stalk rot may take 2 or 3 weeks. The appearance of sclerotia in the later stages of charcoal rot is confirmation of its identity. Acremonium Wilt Acremonium wilt, caused by Acremonium striatum W. Gams (Syn. Cephalosporium acremonium Gord. Gams), has recently appeared in many sorghum-growing regions. A. strictum has a worldwide distribution in soil and the atmosphere (Domsch et al. 1980), but as an incitant of disease in sorghum, it has been reported from Argentina (Forbes and Crespo 1982), the Honduras (Wall et al. 1985), and USA (Frederiksen et al. 1980). A Ceplialosporium sp reported as the cause of sorghum wilt in Egypt (El-Shafey et al. 1979) was probably A. strictum, and the disease probably occurs in additional sorghum-growing countries (Frederiksen 1984). Recently the disease was reported in India (Bandyopadhyay et al. 1987). Similar disease symptoms on a few isolated sorghum plants were observed in the African countries of Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Zambia (UK. 229
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 248 and 249: pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
Page 272 and 273: ulum dynamics in disease developmen
Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
Page 280 and 281: 20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
Page 284 and 285: molds. In the early 1980s, sources
Page 286 and 287: Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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