Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and yield of sorghum hybrid CSH 6 and sorghum variety E 36-1 under different treatment combinations of fumigation and drought stress at ICRISAT Center, India, postrainy season 1986/87. Drought stress Fumigation 2 Stress 1 Yield loss (%) 3 No stress 4 Lodging (%) Soft stalk (%) CSH 6 Plot yield [(kg(27m 2 ) -1 ] Grain mass MB 27.4 11.3 11.6 19.1 BAS 50.1 19.1 13.1 21.0 NFC 99.5 96.6 8.8 17.0 NF 100.0 99.6 9.8 17.0 20.0 15.0 MB 2.9 0.8 14.2 23.0 BAS 12.2 3.8 15.6 33.0 NFC 16.4 9.3 3.7 24.0 NF 17.6 3.7 14.1 22.0 SE Fum x stress x cv ±1.79 ±1.97 ±0.86 ±0.14 Drought stress Fumigation Lodging (%) Soft stalk (%) E36-1 Plot yield [(kg(27m 2 ) -1 ] (g> Grain mass Stress MB 0 0 12.9 27.0 BAS 9.6 3.4 15.6 28.0 NFC 8.9 6.5 13.2 26.0 NF 10.4 5.2 12.9 26.0 No stress MB 0 0 15.7 32.0 BAS 0 0 17.0 32.0 NFC 0 0 15.4 31.0 NF 0 0 15.2 30.0 SE Fum x stress x cv ± 1.7 ±2.0 ±0.86 ±0.14 1. Stress = Irrigation stopped at final leaf stage 2. MB = methyl bromide, BAS = basamid granules, NFC = no fumigation, but covered, NF = no fumigation (control). 3. [(Average yield, fumigated plots - yield, nonfumigated plots)/average yield, fumigated plots] x 100. 4. No stress « irrigation continued until physiological maturity. along with drought stress, play an important role in the root and stalk rot complex. Henzell and Gullieron (1973) and Chamberlin (1978), on the other hand, hold the view that plant lodging under drought stress is purely physiological. Drought stress reduced assimilate supply to the lower part of the stalk for maintenance respiration. This results in senescence and disintegration of pith cells, and hence lodging. 224 (g) Drought stress alone can cause lodging without assistance from pathogens where inoculum is absent (Henzell et al. 1984). However, where pathogens are present, drought-stressed plants are invariably invaded by them, and this leads to increased damage of plants. It is possible that low or intermediate levels of drought stress, in the absence of the pathogen, may be tolerated by the plant.
Crop management Crop management can influence soil moisture and in turn incidence and severity of root and stalk rots. Sorghums grown in close spacings show more charcoal rot than those in wider spacings. Differences were reported in the effect of plant densities on charcoal rot incidence, attributing increased disease incidence in higher plant populations to increased drought stress. In India, nitrogen fertilization adequate to maximize the yield potential of improved cultivars increased the severity of charcoal rot (Avadhani et al. 1979; Mote and Ramshe 1980). A factorial experiment using line-source irrigation provided highly significant positive correlations between drought stress and plant density, but not N fertilization (Fig. 2). The effect of nitrogen in increasing charcoal rot may be due to its effect on shoot growth. Nitrogen promotes shoot growth, and partially restricts root development. A restricted root system reduces the ability of a plant to obtain moisture. At the same time its water needs increase, because of the increased foliage growth (Ayers 1978). Practices that reduce pathogen inoculum and conserve soil water decrease the incidence of charcoal rot. Sorghum grown under wheat-sorghum-fallow rotation had 11% stalk rots, compared to 39% in conventional tillage (Doupnik and Boosalis 1975). Sorghum growing in a mixed-cropping situation has been reported to suffer less charcoal rot damage than when growing as a sole crop (Khune et al. 1980). Control Incidence of charcoal rot of sorghum can be minimized by maintaining soil moisture during the postflowering stage. This can be done by conservation tillage, seeding lower plant populations, selecting resistant sorghums, assuring good plant nutrition, and using fungicides and plantgrowth regulators (such as antitranspirants). Host resistance is the most practical long-term solution for the control of charcoal rot. Host resistance Four essential requirements for the identification and utilization of host resistance to charcoal rot have been discussed by Mughogho (1982). My objective is to review briefly techniques used to identify resistance, resistance sources, and factors associated with resistance. Rosenow (1980,1984), Maunder (1984), and Henzell et al. (1984) have comprehensively reviewed the breeding for host resistance to sorghum root and stalk rot complex. Resistance-screening technique The procedure followed by most investigators to screen for charcoal rot resistance is essentially that reported by Edmunds et al. (1964). Sorghum is grown under irrigation in an environment favoring charcoal rot development. Drought stress is induced by withdrawing irrigation at selected stages of plant growth, and the stalks are inoculated by inserting mycelium- and sclerotia-infested toothpicks into holes punctured into the stalk just above the first node. Lodging, soft stalks, and distance the fungus travels upstem from the point of inoculation are measured to assess reaction of genotypes to the disease. Toothpick inoculation and other methods where inoculum is introduced into the plant through the stalk are unsatisfactory, primarily because natural infection begins in the roots and only later goes up to the stem. The level of disease development with toothpick inoculation is usually less than that occurring naturally; thus stalk inoculation is thought unsatisfactory for meaningful resistance assessment (Edmunds et al. 1964). At ICRISAT Center we have successfully induced, without artificial inoculation, charcoal rot in field-grown susceptible sorghums. One method is to sow the crop just before the end of the rainy season so that it grows and matures under continuously receding soil moisture. This timing is similar to that of the postrainy season (rabi) crop in India; postrainy season sorghum suffers most from charcoal rot. A second method is to grow the crop, under irrigation, during the dry season and to withdraw irrigation at 50% flowering. In either method, charcoal incidence and severity varies according to location—probably due to soil type, level of drought stress, and the pathogen inoculum potential in the soil. Nevertheless, disease development in susceptible genotypes is sufficiently high for useful evaluation of test genotypes, but a reliable, effi- 225
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
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Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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Page 274 and 275: Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
Page 276 and 277: Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
Page 278 and 279: high levels of free phenolic compou
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Page 282 and 283: and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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