Sorghum Diseases in India

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eleased in 1988 as commercial hybrids for their agronomic characteristics and genetic resistance to the principal races of C graminicola. References Casela, C.R., and Ferreira, A.S. (In press). Pro posta de um sistema de classificacao de racas de Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils. (Sensu Arx., 1957), agente causal da antracnose em soxgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) Fitopatologia Brasileira. 212 Ferreira, A.S., and Casela, C.R. 1986. Racas patogenicas de Colletotrichum graminicola, agente causal da antracnose em sorgo Sorghum bicolor. Fitopatologia Brasileira 11(1):83-87. Habgood, R.M. 1970. Designation of physiologic races of plant pathogens. Nature 227:1268-1269. Nakamura, K. 1982. Especializacao fisiologica em Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils. (Sensu Arx., 1957) agente causal da antracnose em sorgo. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil. 143 pp.
Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mildew Control J. Craig 1 and G.N. Odvody 2 Abstract Resistance to sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) is vulnerable to the variability for virulence found in P. sorghi. Several pathotypes (races) of P. sorghi have been identified. Successive sorghum genotypes possessing monogenic, physiological resistance have become susceptible to new virulent pathotypes of P. sorghi. The sorghum cultivar QL 3 with oligogenic factors for resistance to downy mildew may provide a source of durable resistance to the pathogen. The fungicide metalaxyl provides excellent chemical control of sorghum downy mildew. However, the ability of fungi related to P. sorghi to produce metalaxyl-resistant strains raises the possibility that a metalaxyl-resistant strain of P. sorghi will occur. The practice most likely to provide durable control of downy mildew is use of metalaxyl only on DM-resistant sorghum genotypes. Introduction Research on sorghum downy mildew (SDM) (Peronosclerospora sorghi) has successfully determined most of the etiological aspects of this disease. The pathogen's host range, environmental requirements, modes of infection, and other characteristics have been established (Frederiksen 1980; Safeeulla 1976; Williams 1984). Disease-control procedures involving hostplant resistance or fungicides have been developed to reduce crop damage by SDM. These procedures have been used successfully, but our observations suggest that their continued effectiveness is in question. The current status and future possibilities of host-plant resistance and fungicides in the control of SDM are discussed. Host-plant Resistance Host-plant resistance is the most widely used method of reducing SDM losses. Downy mildew resistance as presently utilized in sorghum-improvement programs is expressed as a physi ological incompatibility between host and pathogen that prevents infection. In most genotypes, this type of resistance is probably monogenic or infrequently oligogenic. Sorghum improvement programs in Texas have made extensive use of physiological resistance to SDM. Sorghum downy mildew first appeared in Texas in 1961. Within 6 years it became economically important. Resistant sorghum hybrids were developed and widely grown. Six years after popular acceptance of those first resistant hybrids, a new SDM pathotype (physiological race), capable of attacking some of these hybrids, appeared (Craig and Frederiksen 1980). However, hybrids with the resistant sorghum inbred Tx 430 as a parental line were resistant to this new pathotype. Again, 2 years later, a third pathotype of P. sorghi appeared, and was capable of overcoming the resistance of Tx 430 (Craig and Frederiksen 1983). Again, sources of resistance effective against the new race of P. sorghi were identified and utilized in breeding programs. These new hybrids are resistant to all the known Texas pathotypes of SDM, but it is probable that a new race of the 1. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, PO Drawer DN, College Station, TX 77841, USA. 2. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Route 2, PO Box 589, Corpus Christi, TX 78410, USA. Craig, J., and Odvody, G.N. 1992. Current status of sorghum downy mildew control. Pages 213-217 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 213
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
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Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
Page 270 and 271: Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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