Sorghum Diseases in India

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SC 283 are used to separate eight groups of races designated by the letters A to H (Table 2), and the genotypes Tx 623, Brandes, SC 112-14, Martin (Tx 398), Tx 2536, and Theis are used to distinguish 32 races within each group, according to Habgood (1970) (Table 2). Table 2. Nomenclature of selected cultivars. 1 Differ Races within groups ential cultivar Table 3. Races of Colletotrichum graminicola identified during 1984-85. Cultivar 1 The surveys, conducted annually since 1984-85, indicate the existence of several races. The most important races of C. graminicola identified in the 1984-85 and 1985-86 surveys are listed in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Races 13 H, 29 H, and 31 H were isolated at Sete Lagoas, Minas 4. Tx 623 0 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 5. Brandes 2 0 R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S 6. SC 112-14 2 1 R R S S R R S S R R S S R R S S R R S S R R S S R R S S R R S S 7. Tx 398 2 2 R R R R S S S S R R R R S S S S R R R R S S S S R R R R S S S S 8.TX2536 2 3 R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S 9. Theis 2 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 1. R = resistant S = susceptible. Races 2 OA 06A 12 A 15 A 29 A 31 A 01 B 02 B 05 B 13 B 09 C 30 C 31 C Redlan R R R R R R S S S S R R R SC 326-6 R R R R R R R R R R S S S SC 283 R R R R R R R R R R R R R Tx 623 S S S S S S S S S S S S S Brandes R R R S S S S R S s S R S SC 112-14 R S R S R s R S R R R S S Tx 398 R S S S S s R R S S R S S Tx 2536 R R S S S s R R S S S S S Isolates found (no.) 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1. R = resistant, S - susceptible. 2. Source: OA: Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais; Goiania, Goias; and Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; 06A: Sete Lagoas, 210 races of Colletotrichum graminicola, based on differential reactions in Differ- Race Group ential cultivar A B C D E F G H 1. Redlan 2. SC 326-6 3. SC 283 R S R S R R Binary value 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Minas Gerais; 12A: Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais and Goiania, Goias; 15A: Goiania, Goias, and Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo; 29A and 31A: Goiania, Goias; 01B: Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais; 02B: Goiania, Goias; 05B and 13B: Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais; 09C, 30C, and 31C: Goiania, Goias. R R R R S S S R R S S S R S R S s s
Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from the cultivar SC 283. SC 283 is used as a source of aluminum tolerance and, up to now, has been resistant to G graminicola in Brazil. Research workers seeking anthracnose-resistant sorghums in Brazil have been considering the existence of physiological races of Col- letotrichum graminicola to select highly resistant genotypes in greenhouse screening. Reactions of several experimental grain sorghum hybrids developed in the National Maize and Sorghum Research Center (NMSRC) Sorghum Breeding Program are presented in Table 5. The first two hybrids, CMSXS 350 and CMSXS 351, will be Table 4. Races of Colletotrichum graminicola, by source 1 , identified during 1985-86. Isolates, by source location Isolates, by source location Race A B c D E Total Race A B c D E Total 00A 1 3 3 1 0 8 13 B 9 0 0 3 0 12 01 A 1 0 0 0 0 1 14 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 02 A 0 0 0 1 0 1 15 B 1 0 0 0 0 1 04A 0 0 1 1 0 2 01 C 1 0 0 0 0 1 08 A 1 2 1 1 0 5 15 C 0 0 0 0 2 2 09A 1 0 0 0 0 1 31 C 1 0 1 0 1 3 10 A 0 0 2 2 0 4 12 E 0 0 1 0 0 1 12 A 1 1 1 0 0 3 13 E 3 0 0 0 0 3 13 A 2 0 1 1 0 4 15 E 0 0 0 1 0 1 14 A 1 0 1 0 2 4 28 E 1 0 0 0 0 1 15 A 0 1 0 1 0 2 31 E 0 0 1 0 1 2 26 A 0 0 0 3 0 3 30E 1 0 0 1 2 4 31 A 0 0 0 0 3 3 13 H 1 0 0 0 0 1 04B 0 1 0 0 0 1 29 H 0 0 1 0 0 1 09B 0 1 0 0 0 1 31 H 0 0 1 0 0 1 1. A: S.Lagoas, Minas Gerais; B: Capinopolis, Minas Gerais; C: Jatai, Goias; D: Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; E: Taquari, Rio Grande do sul. Table 5. Reaction 1 of 11 sorghum hybrids and BTx 623 to five races of Colletotrichum graminicola. Pedigree 2 Hybrid Pedigree 2 Race and reaction 13 A 31 A 13 B 14 B 15 C CMSXS 350 BR 001 A x CMSXS 178 R R R R R CMSXS 351 BR 007 A x CMSXS 178 R R R R R CMSXS 352 BR 001 A x CMSXS 179 S R S s R CMSXS 353 BR 007 A x CMSXS 179 R R S R S CMSXS 354 BR 008 A x CMSXS 179 R R S s R CMSXS 355 CMSXS 156 A x CMSXS 179 S S S R S CMSXS 356 BR 001 A x CMSXS 180 S S s S S CMSXS 357 BR 007A x CMSXS 180 R S R R R CMSXS 358 BR 008 Ax CMSXS 180 R R s S R CMSXS 359 CMSXS 156 A x CMSXS 180 S S s R S CMSXS 5360 BR 001 A x CMSXS 181 s R s S R BTx 623 s S s S S 1. R = resistant, S = susceptible. 2. BR 001 A : wheatland derivative BR 007 A : Redbine derivative BR 008 A: Redlan CMSXS 156 A: 1391 (Texas) CMSXS 178: (SC 326-6 x SC 748-5) Selection CMSXS 179: (BRP 3 R x SC 326-1) Selection. 211
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181: sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 248 and 249: pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
Page 266 and 267: estricted to the pericarp, but pene
Page 268 and 269: other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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