Sorghum Diseases in India

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Politis, D.J. 1975. The identity and perfect state of Colletotrichum graminicola. Mycologia 67:56-62. Politis, D.J., and Wheeler, H. 1972.The perfect stage of Colletotrichum graminicola. Plant Disease Reporter 56:1026-1027. Porter, R.H. 1962. A preliminary report of surveys of plant diseases in East Asia. Plant Disease Reporter 46:58-166. (Supplement). Powell/ P., Ellis, M., Alameda, M., and Sotomayor, A. 1977. Effect of natural anthracnose epiphytotic on yield, grain quality, seed health, and seed-borne fungi in Sorghum bicolor. Sorghum Newsletter 20:77-78. Pupipat, U., and Mehta, Y.R. 1969. Stalk rot of maize caused by Colletotrichum graminicola. Indian Phytopathology 22:346-348. Sanford, G.B. 1935. Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils. as a parasite of the stem and root tissue of Avena sativa. Scientific Agriculture 15:370-376. Shahnaz, F.F., and Nicholson, R.L. 1979. Colletotrichum graminicola host specificity and plant age. Phytopathology 69:542-543. (Abstract). Shurtleff, M.C. 1973. A compendium of corn diseases. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. 64 pp. Sundaram, M.V., Palmer, L.T., Nagarajan, K., and Prescott, J.M. 1972. Disease survey of sorghum and millets in India. Plant Disease Reporter 56:740-743. Sutton, B.C. 1968. The appressoria of Colletotrichum graminicola and C.falcatum. Canadian Journal of Botany 46:873-876. Tarr, S.A.J. 1962. Diseases of sorghum, Sudan grass, and broom corn. Kew, Surrey, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 380 pp. 208 Vizvary, M.A. 1975. Saphrophytism and survival of Colletotrichum graminicola in soil and corn stalk residues and pathogenic behavior in corn roots. M.S. thesis, Purdue University, West Lafeyette, IN 47907, USA. 115 pp. Vizvary, M.A., and Warren, H.L. 1982. Survival of Colletotrichum graminicola in soil. Phytopathology 72:522-525. Warren, H.L. 1977. Survival of Colletotrichum graminicola in corn kernels. Phytopathology 67:160-162. Warren, H.L. 1986. Panicle and grain anthracnose. Page 40 in Compendium of sorghum diseases (Frederiksen, R.A., ed.). St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. 82 pp. Warren, H.L., and Nicholson R.L. 1975. Kernel infection, seedling blight, and wilt of maize caused by Colletotrichum graminicola. Phytopathology 65:620-623. Wheeler, H., Politis, D.J., and Poneleit, CG. 1974. Pathogenicity, host range, and distribution of Colletotrichum graminicola on corn. Phytopathology 64:293-296. Wiese, M.V. 1977. Compendium of wheat diseases. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. 106 pp. Williams, L.E., and Willis, G.M. 1963. Diseases of corn caused by Colletotrichum graminicola. Phytopathology 53:364-365. Wilson, G.W. 1914. The identity of the anthracnose of grasses in the United States. Phytopathology 4:106-112. Zwillenburg, H.H.L. 1959. Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils. auf Mais und verschiedenen anderen Pflanzen. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 14:417-425.
Physiological Races of Colletotrichum graminicola in Brazil C.R. Casela 1 , A.S. Ferreira 2 , and R.E. Schaffert 3 Abstract Annual surveys in Brazil since 1984-85 have indicated the existence of several physiological races, some high in virulence, of Colletotrichum graminicola. The sorghum research program in Brazil has been considering the variability of this pathogen in order to select genotypes highly resistant to anthracnose. Introduction Differential reactions of several cultivars in the National Uniform Sorghum Diseases Nursery in different years and in different regions of Brazil suggest existence of pathogenic races of Colletotrichum graminicola in that South American nation. The first positive evidence for the existence of races came from the work of Nakamura (1982), who identified five races of C. graminicola. The races were identified by reactions produced by several single-spore isolates, obtained from different parts of the country, on the cvs Tx 2536, Martin, TAM 428, Brandes, SC 170-6-17, and SC 175-14. Ferreira and Casela (1986) studied single spore isolates of C. graminicola obtained from infected plants at seven locations in Brazil and inoculated on the cultivars Tx 2536, Martin, TAM 428, Tx 430, Brandes, SC 170-6-17, SC 175-14, SC 112-14, Theis, Tx 378, SC 326-6, and SC 283. Differential interactions between cultivars and isolates (Table 1) confirmed Nakamura's work. Casela and Ferreira (In press) recently proposed a system of nomenclature of races of C. graminicola in Brazil. In this system, three sorghum cultivars, Tx 378 (Redlan), SC 326-6, and Table 1. Reaction of 12 sorghum cultivars to seven single-spore isolates of Colletotrichum graminicola. 1 Isolate 2 Cultivar I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 Tx 2536 S S S S S R R Tx 398 S S R R R s s TAM 428 S S S S S s s Tx 430 S S S s S s s SC 170-6-17 R R R R S R R SC 175-14 S S S R s S S Brandes S S R R S R R SC 112-14 R S S S s S S Theis R R R R s S R Redlan S R S S R R R SC 326-6 R R S R R R R SC 283 R R R R R R R 1. S = susceptible, R = resistant. 2. Source of isolates: Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais: I 1; Pelotas Rio Grande do sul: I 2; Jatai, Goias: 13; Capinopolis, Minas Gerais: I 4; Goiania, Goias: I 5; Quixada, Cearea: 16; and Anapolis, Goias: I 7. 1. Sorghum Breeder for Disease Resistance, National Maize and Sorghum Research Center - EMBRAPA (NMSRC), Sate Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil 2. Sorghum Pathologist at the above address. 3. Sorghum Pathologist at the above address. Casela, C.R., Ferreira, A,S., and Schaffert, R.E. 1992. Physiological Races of Colletotrichum graminicola in Brazil. Pages 209-212 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 209
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
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Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Page 248 and 249: pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
Page 250 and 251: Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
Page 252 and 253: pathogen and epidemiology of the di
Page 254 and 255: Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
Page 256 and 257: Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
Page 260 and 261: Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
Page 262 and 263: Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
Page 264 and 265: Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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