Sorghum Diseases in India

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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spite of the economic importance of this genus, relatively little is known about its taxonomy and biosystematics. The number of species is not known. According to Raynal-Roques (1987) there are about 36 species. Musselman (1987) described 30 species, of which 24 are found in western and central Africa alone (Raynal-Roques 1987). Earlier Musselman (1987) indicated Table 1. Distribution and possible hosts of African species of Striga. 23 Striga species, suggesting that the African region may be its center of diversity. Lesser centers are the southern Arabian Peninsula and India. In a recent summary of herbarium documents, Riches et al. (1987, pp. 358-372) and Obilana et al. (1988, pp. 342-364) found reports of nine of the African Striga species to be occurring in southern Africa. The distribution and possible hosts of Striga spp found in Africa are listed in Table 1. Species Distribution Host Remarks S. hermonthica (Del.) Western Africa (especially Sorghum, pearl Benth. in Nigeria, Ghana, millet, maize, and Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Mali, Senegal, and Mauritania); Eastern Africa (especially in Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Kenya, and Uganda); and the SADCC (especially in Angola, Tanzania, and Mozambique) wild grasses S. asiatica (L.) Kuntze Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Sorghum, pearl Red-flowered Kenya), more countries in millet, finger types mainly, the SADCC region. Very millet, maize, with occasional limited occurrence in upland rice, orange and western Africa, Burkina sugarcane, and yellow forms Faso (yellow type) wild grasses S. gesnerioides Western Africa (Nigeria, Cowpea, tobacco, (Willd Vatke = Niger, Burkina Faso, convolvulaceae, (S. orobanchioides) Mali, and Senegal); SADCC region (Botswana, Malawi, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Angola?) and fabaceae S. aspera (Willd) Benth Malawi, Tanzania, Rice, wild grasses, Mozambique, Burkina and occasionally Faso, and Nigeria maize, sorghum, and sugarcane S. euphrasioides Benth Malawi, Tanzania, Sorghum, maize, =(S. angustifolia Zimbabwe, Zambia, and sugarcane, (DON) Saldanha) Mozambique upland rice, and wild grasses S. forbesii Benth Tanzania, Botswana, Soxghum, maize, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, rice, and a few and possibly in Angola, Zambia, and Mozambique wild grasses 190 Continued
Table 1. Continued Species Distribution Host Remarks S. bilabiata (Thunb.) Kuntze In the eastern African lakes region and across western Africa in the Sahel and Sudanian zones; Zimbabwe S. elegans Benth Tanzania, Kenya, Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe S. macrantha Benth Sudan, Zimbabwe and Sudanian zone of western Africa S. aequinoctialis Chev. ex Hutch, and Dalz S. klingii (Skann) Engler = (S. Dalzielii Hutch.) Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, and Chad (western Africa) Mostly on wild grasses Wild grasses Wild grasses Wild grasses Burkina Faso Sorghum, millet, and wild grasses S. junodkii Schinz Southern Africa, including Mozambique S. hallaei A. Raynal Gabon, Zaire S. fulgens Hepper Tanzania S. elegans Benth Tanzania, Kenya, Botswana, and South Africa S. chrysantha A. Raynal Zaire and Central African Republic S. brachychalyx Skan Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Africa S. baumanii Engler Zaire, Kenya, and western Africa S. latericea Vatke 3 S. ledermannii Pilger Cameroon S. linearifolia Hepper (Schumach et Thona.) =(S. strictissima Skan) = (S. canescens Engl) Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Somalia Western Africa S. primuloides Chev Cote d'lvoire S. pubiflora Klotzsch (=S. agnustoifolia?) (=S. zanzibarensis Vatke?) Cereals and wild grasses Cereals and wild grasses Sugarcane and cereals With small bluish flowers With vegetative propagation Ethiopia and Somalia Status not confirmed 191
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
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Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181: sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
Page 240 and 241: Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
Page 242 and 243: Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
Page 244 and 245: Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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