Sorghum Diseases in India

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the length of rotation necessary to substantially reduce soilborne pathogens surviving as sclerotia and other long-lived propagules may make this practice impractical. Selection of appropriate sowing dates is successfully used in many areas of the world to avoid or minimize foliar disease losses. The plants are still fully susceptible but the environment or the lack of inoculum may limit disease incidence. Examples include sowing in the dry season or when air temperatures are unfavorable for disease development and spread. Using taller genotypes or reducing plant populations can reduce disease spread, because the lower leaves (where most initial infections occur) are less exposed to environments favorable for infection. Exclusion or elimination of the pathogen Foliar pathogens, due to diverse survival mechanisms, are very hard to eradicate from sorghum-growing regions, especially if weed sorghums provide survival sites away from field locations. Only C. graminicola is known to be seed-transmitted, although others are sometimes reported as seed-surface contaminants. Certainly, most of the foliar pathogens are easily transported on infected soighum forage. Such dissemination is usually prevented through routine quarantine procedures, but within geographic regions where diseases are already established there may be significant pathogen spread and introduction in this manner. Chemical control Foliar application of chemicals to control foliar diseases of sorghum is usually impractical, because control is either unwarranted or the cost exceeds benefits, especially with soighum grown in stressful environments with low-cost inputs. Chemicals applied to seed to avoid the transmission of seedbome pathogens, such as C. graminicola, may be quite beneficial. Biological control The efficacy of many disease-control practices such as tillage, crop rotation, and host-residue destruction is dependent on biological processes 174 that may accurately be described as biological controls. Without understanding their specific mechanisms, we manipulate, exploit, and enhance these natural processes. There is always a potential for the use of one organism to control another. There are many naturally occurring soilborne and aerial parasites of pathogenic fungi, but their isolation and use apart from specific natural habitats may not be feasible. Eudarluca australis Speg. is a fungal hyperparasite of rust fungi, including P. purpurea, but its occasional abundant appearance in rust pustules probably comes too late to have a practical effect on rust epidemiology (Frederiksen 1980). The potential of using low-virulence or avirulent strains of a pathogen to induce resistance in susceptible genotypes should be investigated for pathogens with known variability like C. graminicola (Dean and Kuc 1986). Future Research Needs 1. Determine economic impact of foliar diseases on sorghum in all geographic regions and environments. 2. Develop foliar-disease resistance that is (a) effective across environments, (b) durable through reduced selection pressure for physiological variants within a pathogen population, and (c) active against several foliar pathogens, especially during vulnerable growth stages of the host. 3. Increase international cooperation in multilocational evaluation and characterization of germplasm response to foliar pathogens and exchange of elite germplasm. 4. Increase efforts to locate, identify, and collect landrace and other sorghum germplasm sources endangered by adoption of introduced elite germplasm or other factors. 5. Develop locally-effective control alternatives to complement and conserve existing hostplant resistance. 6. Integrate field and controlled-environment screening and research techniques to simultaneously obtain correlative information concerning (a) host-pathogen interactions, (b) characterization of germplasm response to foliar pathogens, and (c) identity of sources of resistance. 7. Employ multidisciplinary team research to evaluate the physical and physiological fac-
tors associated with expression of host-plant susceptibility or resistance, pathogen responses to the host, and pathogen ecology apart from the host. 8. Study intensively the biological mechanisms influencing survival and function of pathogen propagules in soil and host debris. 9. Determine factors influencing natural and introduced epiphytic and other leaf microflora on host, pathogen, and host: pathogen interaction. References Bain, D.C., and Edgerton, C.W. 1943. The zonate leaf spot: A new disease of sorghum. Phytopathology 33: 220-226. Bergquist, R.R. 1974. The determination of physiologic races of sorghum rust in Hawaii. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society 1:67 Burton, G.W., and Wells, H.D. 1981. Use of near-isogenic host populations to estimate the effect of three foliage diseases on pearl millet forage yield. Phytopathology 71:331-333. Coley-Smith, J.R., and Cooke, R.C 1971. Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia. Annual Review of Phytopathology 9:65-92. Craig, J. 1982. Factors reducing sorghum yields: diseases. Pages 283-287 in Sorghum in the Eighties: proceedings of the International Symposium on Sorghum, 2-7 Nov 1981, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Craig, J., and Odvody, G.N. 1985. Assessment of downy mildew loss with near-isogenic sorghum populations. Phytopathology 75:1300. (Abstract). Dalmacio, S.C. 1986. Tar spot. Pages 15-16 in Compendium of Sorghum Diseases, (Frederiksen, R. A., ed.). St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. Dean, R.A., and Kuc, J. 1986. Induced systemic protection in cucumber: time of production and movement of signal Phytopathology 76:966- 970. Duncan, R.R. 1984. The association of plant senescence with root and stalk diseases in sorghum. Pages 99-110 in Sorghum root and stalk rots, a critical review: proceedings of the Consultative Group Discussion on Research Needs and Strategies for Control of Sorghum Root and Stalk Rot Diseases, 27 Nov-2 Dec 1983, Bellagio, Italy. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Frederiksen, R.A. 1980. Sorghum leaf blight. Pages 243-248 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Frederiksen, R.A. 1982. Disease problems in sorghum. Pages 263-271 in Sorghum in the Eighties: proceedings of the International Symposium on Sorghum, 2-7 Nov 1981, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Frederiksen, R.A. 1984. Anthracnose stalk rot. Pages 37-42 in Sorghum root and stalk rots, a critical review: proceedings of the Consultative Group Discussion on research Needs and Strategies for Control of Sorghum Root and Stalk Rot Diseases, 27 Nov-2 Dec 1983, Bellagio, Italy. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. Frederiksen, R.A. (ed.) 1986. Compendium of Sorghum Diseases. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. 82 pp. Frederiksen, R.A., and Franklin, D. 1980. Sources of resistance to foliar disease of sorghum in the International Disease and Insect Nursery. Pages 265-268 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 175
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
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Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181: sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
Page 221 and 222: Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
Page 225 and 226: oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
Page 227: corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
Page 230 and 231: Eighteen papers in the proceedings
Page 232 and 233: iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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