Sorghum Diseases in India

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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sorghum, 2-7 Nov 1981, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Pratt, R.D., and Janke, G.D. 1980. Pathogenicity of three species of Pythium to seedlings and mature plants of grain sorghum. Phytopathology 70:766-771. Shahid Shaukat, S., Ghazala, P., Khan, D., and Ahmad, M. 1985. Phytotoxic effects of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad on certain crop plants. Pakistan Journal of Botany 17:235-246. Staffer, R.V., and Riper, G.E. 1963. Effect of soil 166 temperature and soil moisture on the physiology of sorghum. Agronomy Journal 55:447. Watanabe, X, and Hashimoto, K. 1978. Recovery of Gloeocercospora sorghi from sorghum seed and soil, and its significance in transmission. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 44:633-640. Williams, R.J., and Rao, K.N. 1980. A review of sorghum grain mold. Pages 79-92 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the international workshop on sorghum diseases, 11-15 Dec 1978, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odvody 1 and P.R. Hepperly 2 Abstract The major fungal pathogens of sorghum leaf blades are leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), target leaf spot (Bipolaris sorghicola), gray leaf spot (Cercospora sorghi), ladder spot (C. fusimaculans), rust (Puccinia purpurea), zonate leaf spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi), sooty stripe (Ramulispori sorghi) leaf anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola), rough leaf spot (Ascochyta sorghina), and tar spot (Phyllachora sacchari). The leaf sheath diseases are southern sclerotial rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), banded leaf and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia spp), and zonate leaf spot on sheaths. Many pathogens survive as mycelia, spores, or sclerotia within sorghum host residues, on or in soil The sclerotia also exist freely in soil and, depending on the fungus, germinate to produce initial inoculum of mycelia or conidia. Initial inoculum of the foliar pathogens is disseminated primarily by wind, rain and soil splash, and soil contact. Many pathogens survive on living weed hosts or their residues. E. turcicum, C. graminicola, and G. sorghi are pathogens of hosts other than Sorghum spp. Rhizoctonia spp and S. rolfsii are facultative parasites of several hosts. Economic impact of foliar pathogens should be assessed before controls are pursued. Host plant resistance is the primary control of foliar pathogens, but other controls may be effective and also complement and conserve existing resistance sources. Monogenic and polygenic resistance to most foliar pathogeris has been identified and may be used individually or in combination to provide adequate disease control Introduction Foliar diseases of sorghum are among the most common and recognizable diseases of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Extensive knowledge of some diseases and their causal agents is on record, and only a minimal amount is available on others. This discussion deals only with sorghum foliar diseases caused by fungi. The fungal pathogens, common names of the diseases they cause, initial inoculum, and other basic facts are listed in Table 1. Foliar diseases caused by bacteria, the foliar phase of sorghum downy mildew, and nonfoliar phases of anthracnose are discussed in other papers. The many minor and other re ported foliar pathogens of sorghum are enumerated in Tarr (1962) and the recent compendium of sorghum diseases (Frederiksen 1986). Symptomology Most foliar diseases of sorghum have very distinct symptoms, especially in mature lesions. Factors like multiple diseases on the same leaf, host pigment reactions, and other complex situations can obscure otherwise typical disease symptoms. Host pigmentation can dramatically affect the appearance of disease symptoms and influence disease assessment. On tan genotypes, the symptoms of disease are not so obvious and 1. Associate Professor, Plant Pathology, Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center, Route 2, Corpus Christi, TX 78410, USA. 2. Tropical Research Station, PO Box 70, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00709-0070. Odvody, G.N., and Hepperly, P.R. 1992. Foliar diseases of sorghum. Pages 167-177 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 167
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
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Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
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Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
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Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
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Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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