Sorghum Diseases in India

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cumbing to preemergent damping-off die prior to emergence and those that do emerge may wilt rapidly and die (postemergent damping-off). Often development of the permanent adventitious root system will proceed at different rates in plants stunted by Pythium attack, and this becomes apparent in affected fields by wide variations in plant height and spacing. Soil moisture and temperature are the most important factors associated with Pythium attack of sorghum. Oospores of Pythium spp probably supply the initial inoculum for infection, but it is not known if they germinate directly or if they produce zoospores. Free water would be required for zoospore production and infection. Low temperatures (15 °C) in association with high soil moisture has historically been associated with Pythium attack of sorghum (Leukel and Martin 1943) but the optimal temperature for growth of Pythium spp is normally much higher (Hendrix and Campbell 1973). The transitory root system of sorghum seems especially vulnerable in cool wet soils, because seedling growth slows and development of the permanent root system is delayed. However, with field soil in a controlled environment, Forbes (1984) demonstrated that high soil moisture was the key requirement for most damage caused to sorghum seedlings by Pythium arrhenomanes although there were some important temperature x moisture interactions. Any stress factor that delays establishment of the permanent root system probably increases the potential for Pythium attack in wet (and especially) cool soils. Lines and varieties, because of their reduced vigor, may be more vulnerable than hybrids. Seedlings from old seed are more susceptible than those plants of younger seed, because the older-seed seedlings show reduced vigor, especially in cool, wet soils. Other factors, such as seed damage, may reduce seedling vigor or allow other organisms to reduce vigor, and increase vulnerability to Pythium spp. Controls Control of all negative effects of some soil environmental factors against sorghum seedlings is probably not possible, but cropping and tillage practices should be utilized, when possible, to rerduce or avoid deleterious soil environments. 164 Seed rots caused by seedborne and soilborne fungi are easily controlled by fungicide seed treatments. Fungicide treatment also provides needed extra protection for low-vigor seedlings emerging from seed damaged by storage and grain-weathering fungi and by grain mold. Traditional contact fungicides (like captan and thiram) do not provide protection against attack by Pythium spp, partly because Pythium attacks at root and mesocotyl sites distal to the fungicide, but also because these fungicides do not act against Pythium, New systemic fungicides, such as the acylanilides (metalaxyl) and phosphonates (fosetyl-Al), are active against Pythium in other crops and may provide some control in sorghum. Differences in response to temperature and moisture stress may be found in sor-ghum germplasm, so cultivars may be chosen or avoided to minimize the deleterious effects of these and other soil abiotic factors. Seed of these sorghums also differ in susceptibility to grain mold and weathering fungi. Cultivars can be selected to reduce seed damage associated with these fungi, or cropping sequences that will allow seed maturation in environments unfavorable for grain mold and weathering may be possible. Sources of resistance to Pythium seedling disease have been identified (Forbes et al. 1987), but more rapid and consistent screening techniques are needed. Research Needs 1. Major studies of abiotic and biotic factors affecting sorghum growth, especially as they function in areas where seedling diseases are unrecognized and little understood. 2. Better understanding of Pythium and its occurrence on sorghum in field environments, including incidence, severity, parameters of conducive environments, frequency of those environments, and interactions with host development. 3. Determine the value of fungicide treatments to protect seed against fungal attack in areas where sorghum is grown under conditions believed to be nonconducive to their development.
References Bandyopadhyay, R. 1986. Grain mold. Pages 36- 38 in Compendium of Sorghum Diseases, (Frederiksen, R.A., ed,). St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. 82 pp. Basil Chaudhary, K.C., and Mathur, S.B. 1979. Infection of sorghum seeds by Colletotrichum graminicola 1. Survey, location in seed and transmission of the pathogen. Seed Science and Technology 7:87-92. Castor, L.L. 1981. Grain mold histopathology, damage assessment, and resistance screening within Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench lines. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Defrank, J., and Putman, A.R. 1979. Efficacy of rotational crop residue for weed control. Pages 84-85 in Abstracts, 1979 Meeting of the Weed Science Society of America. Forbes, G.A. 1984. Development of a technique for screening seedlings of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench for resistance to seedling disease. M.Sc. Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Forbes, G.A., Collins, D.C., Odvody, G.N., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1985. A seedling epiphytotic of sorghum in South Texas caused by Pythium arrhenomanes. Plant Disease 69:726. Forbes, G.A., Ziv, O., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1987. Resistance in sorghum to seedling disease caused by Pythium arrhenomanes. Plant Disease 71:145-148. Frederiksen, R.A. 1982. Disease problems in sorghum. Pages 263-271 in Volume I: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sorghum, 2-7 Nov 1981, ICRI- SAT Center, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Freeman, J.E. 1970. Development and structure of the sorghum plant and its fruit. Pages 28-72 in Sorghum Production and Utilization, (Wall, J.S., and Ross, W.M., eds.). Westport, CN, USA: AVI Publishing Company. 702 pp. Gaudet, D.A., and Kokko, E.G. 1986. Seedling disease of sorghum grown in southern Alberta caused by seedborne Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 8:208-217. Hendrix, F.F., Jr. and Campbell, W.A. 1973. Pythiums and plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology 11:77-97. Leukel, R.W., and Martin, J.H. 1943. Seed rot and seedling blight of sorghum. USDA Technical Bulletin 839. Washington, DC, USA: United States Government Publishing Office. 26 pp. McLaren, N.W. 1983. The effect of herbicides, cultivars and fungicides on pre- and post-emergence damping-off and seedling blight of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Crop Production 12:101-103. Miller, F.R. 1982. Genetic and environmental response characteristics of sorghum. Pages 393- 402 in Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sorghum, 2-7 Nov 1981, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Mohamed-Saleem, M.A., and Fawusi, M.O.A. 1983. A note on the effects of tropical weed decomposition on seed germination and seedling growth of some agricultural crops. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 10:347-352. Netzly, D.H., and Butler, L.G. 1986. Roots of sorghum exude hydrophobic droplets containing biologically active components. Crop Science 26:775-778. Odvody, G.N., and Forbes, G.A. 1984. Pythium Root and Seedling Rots. Pages 31-35 in Sorghum Root and Stalk Rots. A Critical Review. Proceedings of the Consultative Group Discussion on Research Needs and Strategies for Control of Sorghum Root and Stalk Diseases, 27 Nov-2 Dec 1983, Bellagio, Italy. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Peacock, J.M. 1982. Response and tolerance of sorghum to temperature stress. Pages 143-159 in 165
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181: sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
Page 217 and 218: sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
Page 219 and 220: Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Page 223 and 224: Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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