Sorghum Diseases in India

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provided during dry spells. Spreader rows of susceptible varieties were grown at the borders and inside the nursery. Considerable success has been achieved in increasing the inoculum on sorghum seed, and methods of artificial inoculation are now being investigated. Locally bred advanced lines are also being tested for leafblight resistance. Ergot in pearl millet With the help of SADCC/ ICRISAT, a procedure for inoculating pearl millet with the ergot pathogen was established. Heads of test lines were bagged at the booting stage, inoculated with a spore suspension at time of maximum stigma emergence, and rebagged to maximize humidity and ensure infection. Work remaining 1. Develop reliable screening techniques for rusts and smuts in these cereals. 2. Conduct screening programs in the laboratory or greenhouse in order to control environmental variables. 3. Conduct epidemiological studies to gain knowledge useful in development of diseasemanagement packages for communal farmers. 4. Seek cultural practices that may reduce disease incidence. 5. Determine yield losses caused by the major diseases. 6. Study seedborne pathogens of sorghum and millet. Discussion Since the beginning of Zimbabwe's sorghumimprovement program, leaf blight, ergot, downy mildew, and covered kernel smut have been identified as the major and most widespread sorghum diseases in the country (Sanderson 1967, pp. 17-23; Rattray 1968; Brown 1973; Graham 1972). The widespread occurrence of these diseases may be in part because some (such as downy mildew) also occur in maize. Close rotation of these cereals with maize enhances the chances of survival and spread of the pathogens, in communal areas, especially in region III, maize is also grown and because land is 6 limited, rotation with maize is likely. In regions IV and V, rainfall is more limited, and the close rotation with maize is less common. This practice tends to create natural 'sick plots' for endemic pathogens like Sporisorium reilianum. Also contributing may be the seedborne nature of these pathogens (Noble et al. 1968). Most communal farmers keep their seed and do not treat it, permitting the pathogen to remain endemic. Ergot, widespread in the Mashonaland Central Province, is serious in cytoplasmic male-sterile lines. Consequently, hybrid seed production in this area can be impaired severely. The hazards of ergot in livestock feed cannot be overemphasized. A practical method for control of ergot must be found. Seed-health testing (plant quarantine) has been neglected in Zimbabwe. It is possible that new diseases may be introduced by pathogens arriving on or in seed. A number of the pathogens of pearl millet and sorghum have been reported to be seedborne (Noble and Richardson 1968). There is insufficient evidence, however, to confirm seedborne dissemination of a number of pathogens of these cereals. Recent pest and disease surveys in communal areas by Plant Protection Research Institute (1987) personnel have revealed a close association of nematodes and stunting in both sorghum and pearl millet. Pratylenchus zea, P. branchyurus, Rotylenchus pawns, and Paralongidorus sp were identified during these surveys. Meloidogyne javanica caused serious stunting and chlorosis to finger millet (Page et al. 1985). However, the general economic importance of nematodes on sorghum and pearl millet is an open area for investigation in Zimbabwe. Conclusion The phytopathological research on sorghum and millets diseases in our country has been slow and insufficient. This is mainly due to shortage of trained manpower, especially in the areas of phytobacteriology and plant virology. Shortages of transport and equipment are logistical constraints. The Government of Zimbabwe is aware of these needs and is making an effort to provide resources, and we feel the situation will improve considerably in the near future. Acknowledgment. I wish to express gratitude
to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. Singh of the SADCC/ICRISAT installation at Bulawayo for assistance in developing sorghum and pearl millet screening methodologies, and to C.L. Keswani for his critical review and valuable suggestions. I am grateful for the assistance and cooperation of J.N. Mushonga, team leader of Zimbabwe's Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program, Department of Research and Specialist Services, University of Zimbabwe, for valuable comments and observations on sorghum and millet diseases. References Brown, J. 1973. Grain sorghum planting for the 1973/1974 season. Department of Conservation and Extension (CONEX) Leaflet 22/75. Salisbury, Rhodesia: Rhodesia Ministry of Agriculture. 2 pp. Graham, R.N. 1972. Grain Sorghum. Agricultural handbook leaflet number 113.01. Salisbury, Rhodesia: Rhodesia Ministry of Agriculture. 2 pp. Kyomo, M.L., and Keswani, C.L. 1987. Structure and land distribution and corresponding yields of field crops in eastern and southern Africa. Paper presented at FAO/SIDA Seminar on Food Production Through Low-Cost Food-Crop Technology, 2-17 Mar 1987. Harare, Zimbabwe. Mushonga, J.N. 1983. Screening of ergot in pearl millet. Five inbreds and one hybrid for a breeding program. Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal 80:239-241. Mushonga, J.N. 1984. Sorghum and pearl millet research in Zimbabwe. Pages 49-54 in Proceedings, First Regional Workshop for Sorghum and Millet in Southern Africa, 23-26 Oct 1984, Harare, Zimbabwe. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: SADCC/ICRISAT Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program. Mushonga, J.N., and Appa Rao, S. 1986. Progress in sorghum improvement. Pages 103-118 in Proceedings, Second Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millets for Southern Africa, 23-27 Sep 1985. Gaberone, Botswana. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: SADCC/ICRISAT SMIP. Muza, F.R., Mushonga, J.N., and Appa Rao, S. 1986. Pearl millet improvement in Zimbabwe. Pages 119-126 in Proceedings, Second Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millets for Southern Africa, 23-27 Sep 1985, Gaberone, Botswana. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: SADCC/ICRISAT SMIP. Noble, M., and Richardson, M.J. 1968. An annotated list of seed-borne diseases. 2nd edn. Phytopathological Papers, No. 8. Kew, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 191 pp. Obilana, A.T. 1986. Improving sorghum for the southern African region; report of 1984/85. Pages 175-185 in Proceedings, Second Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millets for Southern Africa, 23-27 Sep 1985. Gaberone, Botswana. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: SADCC/ICRISAT SMIP. Page, S.L.J., Mguni, CM., and Sithole, S.Z. 1985. Pests and diseases of crops in communal areas of Zimbabwe. Overseas Development Administration Technical report. 203 pp. Plant Protection Research Institute. 1987. Advisory Plant Pathology. Page 115 in 1984/85 Annual Report, Department of Research and Specialist Services. Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Ministry of Agriculture. Rattray, A.G.H. 1968. Sorghums in the Salisbury Research Station. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 65:58. Rothwell, A. 1983. A revised list of plant diseases occurring in Zimbabwe. Kirkia 12:233-351. Sanderson, K.W. 1967. Principles and practice of sorghum production. Modem Farming (Feb). 7
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13 and 14: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 15: inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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