Sorghum Diseases in India

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nonparticle proteins may also be determined. The nonparticle proteins are named and sized, and if possible, functionally characterized. Other components of viruses, such as polyamines, may be identified. Lipids are found in enveloped viruses. At least two virus groups contain envelopes of 10 to 30% lipids. Virus proteins may have other molecules attached. For example, some viruses are glycosylated and others may be phosporylated (Matthews 1981). Nucleic acid can be analyzed for type— deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA)--and strandedness. Both RNA and DNA may be either single- or double-stranded (ssRNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, dsDNA) (Dodds et al. 1984; Harrison 1985; Matthews 1981). To date, unusual or minor bases have not been reported in plant virus nucleic acids. The number of nucleic add species is another identifying criterion, since the genome of a virus may be comprised of one or more separate RNAs (Goldbach 1986; Matthews 1981). The molecular weight of the nucleic acid and its base composition and ratios are distinguishing characteristics. Another distinguishing genomic characteristic is the presence or absence of a covalently linked protein or methylated cap at the five prime (50 end. At the three prime (3') end, the virus may or may not have an amino acid-accepting ability. Also, the 3' end may have a polyadenine or tRNA-like structure with a CCA (anti)condon. Infectivity may or may not require a protein capsid (nucleocapsid). Subgenomic RNA may or may not be present (Goldbach 1986; Matthews 1981; Rowlands et al. 1987). Also, some viruses (e.g., rhabdoviruses and reoviruses) contain polymerases within the particle (Joklik 1981). The absorbance of its viral nucleic acid per unit weight at 260 µm varies, depending o base composition, and may therefore serve as a distinguishing factor. Antiserum production, testing After purification, antiserum can be produced. The reaction of virus with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies is useful in virus identification and study of virus relationships. Many assay techniques are available for studying antigen antibody reactions (Hill et al. 1984; Van Regenmortel 1982b). The two most useful for virus identification are gel-diffusion tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELBA) 156 (Kerlan et al. 1982). The gel-diffusion test most commonly used is the Ouchterlony double-diffusion test. The position on the plate where antigen and antibody meet in optimum proportions produce precipitation zones characteristic of the particular antigen-antibody system used. In the gel-diffusion technique, crude or purified virus preparations may be used with any type of antibody. An additional advantage is that a number of dilutions of antigen or antiserum samples can be tested at the same time. The ELISA technique employs several systems, but the most commonly used is the double antibody sandwich (Koenig and Paul 1982). In this procedure, the inside walls of a polystyrene plate are coated with gamma globulin from the antiserum and the plate is then washed. The virus sample is added and incubated. After washing, the antibody linked to an enzyme with gluteraldehyde is added, the plate washed, and an enzyme substrate added. The colorless substrate, if positive to the virus, converts to a colored product that can be observed visually or measured spectrophotometrically. This test is very sensitive and can provide quantitative data for study of hostpathogen interaction, epidemiological investigations, and characterization studies (Clark 1981; Giorda et al. 1986a). Virus samples may be crude or purified preparations, and the technique is particularly suitable for processing large numbers of samples. It is highly specific and can be used where mixed infections, or more than one virus strain, is involved (Clark 1981; Koenig and Paul 1982). Host response may also be used as a diagnostic tool. The symptom response of a host to an unknown virus can be compared to that of a known virus and the symptom homology or heterology established (Alexander et al. 1985; Giorda et al. 1986b; Persley et al. 1985; Toler 1985). Genotypes resistant to specific viruses can be inoculated with the unidentified virus, and observed during the growing season. The observations provide corroborative evidence based on resistance (Alexander et al. 1983; Giorda et al. 1986b; Toler 1985). Traditional approaches to detection and diagnosis of plant viruses include: symptoms; transmissibility; host range; vector relationships; immunological, physical, and chemical properties of the virus particle; morphology; its capsid protein; and genome. With the development of biotechnology, new methods based on nucleic
acid hybridization, cloning, and sequencing (Dodds et al. 1984; Gabriel 1986; Maule et al. 1983; Sela et al. 1984), as well as viral specific dsRNA (Morris et al. 1983), are being used for detection and diagnosis. Virus identification encompasses evaluation of the sum total of all evidence, positive or negative, demonstrating relatedness or nonrelatedness of the virus in question to known sorghum viruses, and their strains or variants. References Alexander, J.D., Toler, R.W., and Miller, F.R. 1983. Reaction of grain sorghum accessions to maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B. Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference 13:103-104. Alexander, J.D., Toler, R.W., and Miller, F.R. 1984. Effects of maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B infection on growth and yield of susceptible sorghum. Sorghum Newsletter 27:124-126. Alexander, J.D., Toler, R.W., and Giorda, L.M. 1985. Correlation of yield reductions with severities of disease symptoms in sorghum infected with sugarcase mosaic or maize dwarf mosaic virus. Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference 14:109-112. Christie, R.G., and Edwardson, J.R. 1977. Light and electron microscopy of platn virus. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Monograph 9. Gainesville, FL, USA: Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Clark, M.F. 1981. Immunosorbent assays in plant pathology. Annual Review of Phytopathology. Vol. 19 (Baker, K.F., ed.) Palo Alto, CA, USA: George Banta Co. Clark, R.B. 1986. Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities. Pages 57-59 in Compendium of Sorghum Diseases, (Frederiksen, R.A., ed.) St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society 2:42 (Abstract). Derrick, K.S. 1975. Serological relationships among strains of sugarcane mosaic. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological society 2:42 (Abstract). Derrick, K.S., and Brlansky, Jr., H. 1976. Assay for viruses and mycoplasma using serologically specific electron microscopy. Phytopathology 66:815-820. Diener, T.O. 1983. Viroids. Advances in Virus Research 28:241-279. Dodds, J.A., Morris, T.J., and Jordan, R.L. 1984. Plant viral double-stranded RNA. Pages 151-168 in Annual Review of Phytopathology, Vol 22 (Baker, K.F., ed.) Palo Alto, CA, USA: George Banta Co. Gabriel, C.J. 1986. Detection of double-stranded RNA by immunoblot electrophoresis. Journal of Virological Methods 13:279-283. Giorda, L.M. 1983. Identification and evaluation of an isolate of sugarcane mosaic virus. M.S. thesis. Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA. Giorda, L.M., and Toler, R.W. 1985. Effect of single and mixed infection of maize dwarf mosaic virus strain A, sugarcane mosaic virus strain H and an isolate of sugarcane mosaic virus strain H on 27 accessions of grain sorghum. Sorghum Newsletter 38:103-105. Giorda, L.M., and Toler, R.W. 1986a. Use of virus concentration, symptomatology, and yield as a measure of "resistance" to MDMV-A in different sorghum cultivars. Phytopathology 76:1072. (Abstract) Giorda, L.M., Toler, R.W., and Miller, F.R. 1986b. Identification of sugarcane mosaic virus strain H isolate in commercial grain sorghum. Plant Disease 70:624-628. Giorda, L.M., Toler, R.W., and Odvody, G.N. 1987. Purification and serology of a newly recognized virus disease in sorghum x sudangrass hybrids. Phytopathology 77:17. (Abstract). Goldbach, R.W. 1986. Molecular evolution of plant RNA virus. Pages 289-310 in Annual Review Phytopathology, Vol. 24 (Baker, K.F., ed). Palo Alto, CA, USA: George Banta Co. Hamilton, R.I., Edwardson, J.R., Francki, R.I.B., Hsu, H.T., Hull, R., Koening, R., and Koenig, 157
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
Page 174 and 175: cumbing to preemergent damping-off
Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181: sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
Page 186 and 187: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
Page 189 and 190: Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
Page 191 and 192: greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
Page 193 and 194: of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
Page 195: Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
Page 198 and 199: African farmers on impoverished soi
Page 200 and 201: Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
Page 202 and 203: Information about this genus is not
Page 204 and 205: and Millets Improvement Program Bul
Page 206 and 207: ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
Page 208 and 209: lar genetics to isolate resistance
Page 210 and 211: Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
Page 213 and 214: Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
Page 215 and 216: ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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