Sorghum Diseases in India

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(Exserohilum turcicum), downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi), ergot (Spliacelia sorghi), rust (Puccinia purpurea), and smuts—in particular covered kernel smut (Sporisorium sorghi) and to a lesser extent loose kernel smut (Sphacelotheca cruenta) and head smut {Sporisorium reilianum) (Page et al. 1985). Earlier observations at Matopos identified some of these diseases as potential problems (Sanderson 1967, pp. 17-23). Visits to farmers' fields in the high-rainfall areas of region II indicated that leaf blight, ergot, and 4 N IV Region Rainfall (mm year -1 ) V I. >1000 Ila, b. 750-1000 III. 650-800 IV. 450-650 V
inicola), head mold (Curvularia lunata), ear blight (Fusarium heterosporum), leaf spots caused by Phyllosticta sorghiphila, Mycosphaerella holci, and Gloeocercospora sorghi, sooty stripe (Ramulispora sorghi), stalk rots caused by Gibberella fujikuroi, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Nigrospora oryzae, and bacterial stripe (Pseudomonas andropogonis) (Rothwell 1983). In 1985, the Plant Pathology Advisory Service at Zimbabwe's Plant Protection Research Institute reported the first record of long smut (Tolyposporium enhrenbergii) on sorghum. Viruslike symptoms, most likely due to maize dwarf mosaic virus, have been noticed on a number of lines in the SADCC/ICRISAT Sorghum Disease Observation Nursery grown at the Henderson Research Station, at Mazoe since 1985 [as reported by Mughogho (Obilana 1986)]. Local sorghum varieties—Red Swazi, Serena, DC 75, SV 1, and SV 2—grown at research stations have exhibited similar symptoms. However, these symptoms have not yet been reported in farmers' fields in the communal areas. In pearl millet, ergot (Claviceps fusiformis) and smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae) are the major diseases. Downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola), zonate leaf spot (Gloeocercospom sp), leaf spots caused by various fungi (Cochlibolus bicolor, Colletotrichum sp), rust (Puccinia penicillariae), and false mildew (Beniowskia sphaeroidea) are considered of minor importance. False mildew is still classified as a minor disease, because false mildew has not yet been recorded in farmers' fields. But serious epiphytotics of false mildew have been reported in research stations in regions II and III (Muza et al. 1986; Mushonga and de Milliano, personal communication). Screening work carried out during the 1986/87 season revealed that most of the local germplasm and our recently released variety, PMV 1, are susceptible to false mildew and ergot. Fortunately some sources of resistance to these diseases are available in the global germplasm, and it may be that these can be incorporated in our breeding lines. During the past 2 years, a new leaf spot of pearl millet caused by Bipolaris urochloae was recorded in Zimbabwe. Observations on a susceptible line, 7042, in a disease-monitoring nursery at Henderson Research Station have clearly indicated that this leaf spot is a potentially important disease. Line 7042 succumbed to the disease before heading. Yield-loss studies have not yet been carried out in Zimbabwe, but it has been noticed that losses due to these diseases can be substantial, especially in the higher-rainfall areas (Sanderson 1967, pp. 17-23). Zimbabwe's Plant Pathology Research Programs Our research is mainly aimed at producing for communal farmers of limited resources, cultivars with stable resistance to the major diseases. Communal farmers are Zimbabwe's main growers of these crops. The following objectives are sought: 1. Development of reliable field-screening techniques for major sorghum and pearl millet diseases. 2. Identification of sources of resistance and incorporation of this resistance by breeders into genotypes with other desirable characters, such as high yield and drought tolerance. 3. Determination of stability of resistance through multilocational trials within Zimbabwe and neighboring countries. Developing reliable screening With the help of SADCC/ICRISAT, methods to establish a 'sick plot' for resistance screening against sorghum downy mildew were tested and found to be effective. In the 1st year, spreader rows were established from artificially infected seedlings. In the 2nd year, the ratoon of the spreader rows was used to infect newlysown spreader rows and the test sorghums. Now under test (1987/88) for downy mildew resistance at SADCC/ICRISAT's Matopos Research Station are 72 advanced lines and 9 released varieties. Of the nine released varieties, SV 1, SV 2, PNR 8311, and PNR 8544 were found to be resistant with severity scores of 0 to 5%. We are in the process of establishing our own 'sick plot' at Henderson Research Station, about 30 km northeast of Harare. Leaf blight in sorghum. Epiphytotics of leaf blight have been successfully created by inoculating sorghum plants with infected ground leaves prior to heading. Overhead irrigation was 5
Page 2 and 3: Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
Page 4 and 5: INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
Page 6 and 7: Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
Page 8 and 9: Despite all the complexities of the
Page 10 and 11: Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
Page 13: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
Page 17: to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
Page 22 and 23: annual regional meetings have been
Page 24 and 25: sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
Page 26 and 27: Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
Page 28 and 29: References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
Page 31 and 32: Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
Page 33 and 34: The Striga spp are invariably a maj
Page 35 and 36: Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
Page 37 and 38: or six leaves only towards maturity
Page 39: Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
Page 42 and 43: Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
Page 46 and 47: keting problems, absence of financi
Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
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eilianum). Both hybrids have female
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Disease research conducted in Mexic
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een observed, the disease is potent
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Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
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cion de variantes del virus del mos
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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
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Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
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Even so, certain diseases have been
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Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
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S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
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sibly through doubled haploids. An
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Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
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easily identified than ergot resist
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Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
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Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
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Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
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Charcoal rot was observed in drough
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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
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and Australia. In India, the diseas
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more than a decade ago, rust would
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Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
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ghum, the other cereal important in
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Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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