Sorghum Diseases in India

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more than a decade ago, rust would not appear until the boot-leaf or grain-filling stage of the pearl millet plants. In the late 1970s, however, young pearl millet seedlings were found to be susceptible to rust. Speakers at the 1977 International Pearl Millet Workshop acknowledged that rust received the lowest priority and attracted the least attention in the millet-growing states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh. Failure to recognize the importance of this disease was further demonstrated when only a single rust paper was presented during the 1986 International Pearl Millet Workshop 9 years later. An acceptable level of rust resistance has not yet been found in pearl millet cultivars. Of the 614 entries tested in the All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP), only 32 were found to have some resistance to rust. In the field, Cobb's modified rust-rating scale is being used to assess rust incidence. There is a need to develop a rating scale that includes seedling infection. Resistance based on a single dominant gene, designated Rppl, has been discovered recently at ICRISAT (Andrews et al. 1985), opening the possibility of incorporating adequate rust resistance. Recommendations A major thrust in the present management of pearl millet diseases appears to depend on the exploitation of host-plant resistance. Development of lines with multiple-disease resistance has attracted the attention of several workers and attempts have been made to identify such lines since 1985 (Andrews et al. 1985). Although computer-aided prediction programs are available for a few crop diseases, pearl millet pathology programs are seriously deficient of such technology. Genotype deployment should be looked into seriously, instead of relegating susceptible lines permanently to the background. A combination of computer-aided multiple-regression analysis, genotype deployment, and multiple-disease resistance will give pearl millet pathology a new impetus and take the management of pearl millet disease through a new realm. 126 References Andrews, D.J., Rai, K.N. and Singh, S.D. 1985. A single dominant gene for rust resistance in pearl millet. Crop Science 25:565-566. Bhat, S.S. 1973. Investigations on the biology and control of Sclerospora graminicola on bajra. Ph.D. thesis, University of Mysore, India. Bhatt, R.S. 1946. Studies in Ustilaginales. I. The mode of infection of the bajra plant (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf and Hubb.) by the smut Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 25:163-186. Bhide, V.P., and Hegde, R.K. 1957. Ergot of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) and Stapf and Hubb.) in Bombay state. Current Science 26:116. Chahal, S.S., Rao, V.P., and Thakur, R.P. 1985. Variation in morphology and pathogenicity in Claviceps fusiformis, the causal agent of pearl millet ergot. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84:325-332. FAO. 1978. Production Year Book 32. FAO, Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Gill, K.S., Phul, P.S., Chahal, S.S., Singh, N.B., Bharadwaj, B.L., and Jindla, L.N. 1979. Studies on disease resistance for the improvement of bajra. Project report 1974-1979. Ludhiana, India: Punjab Agricultural University. ICAR. 1966. Progress report of the All India Coordinated Millet Improvement Project 1965-66. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Kannaiyan, J., Vidhyasekaran, P., and Kandaswamy, T.K. 1973. Amino acid content of bajra in relation to ergot disease resistance. Indian Phytopathology 26:358-359. Nene, Y.L., and Singh, S.D. 1976. Downy mildew and ergot of pearl millet. Pest Articles and News Summary 22:366-385. Reddy, K.D., Govindswamy, C.V., and Vidyasekharan, P. 1969. Studies on ergot disease of
cumbu (Pennisetum typhoides). Madras Agricultural Journal 56:367-377. Safeeulla, K.M. 1977. Genetic vulnerability. The basis of recent epidemics in India. In The Genetic Basis of Epidemics in Agriculture (Day, R.R, ed.) Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences 287:72-85. Shinde, RA., and Bhide, V.R 1958. Ergot of bajra in Bombay state. Current Science 27:499-500. Sivakumar, M.V.K., Huda, A.K.S., and Virmani, S.M. 1984. Physical environment of sorghum and millet growing areas in South Asia. Proceedings, International Symposium on Agrometeorology of Sorghum and Millet in the Semi-Arid Tropics. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 469 pp. Small, W. 1922. Diseases of cereals in Uganda Circular, Department of Agriculture, Uganda Protectorate. Sundaram, N.V. 1969. Current plant pathological problems in new agricultural strategy with special reference to sorghum and millets. Indian Phytopathological Society Bulletin 5:67-72. Suryanarayana, D. 1965. Studies on the downy mildew diseases of millets in India. Indian Phyto- pathological Society Bulletin 3:72-78. Thakur, R.R, and Williams, R.J. 1980. Pollination effects on pearl millet ergot. Phytopathology 70:80-84. Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., and Williams, R.J. 1984. The morphology and disease cycle of ergot caused by Claviceps fusiformis in pearl millet. Phytopathology 74:201-205. Thakur, R.P., Subba Rao, K.V., and Williams, R.J. 1983. Evaluation of a new field screening technique for smut resistance in pearl millet. Phytopathology 73:1255-1258. Thakur, R.P., Williams, R.J., and Rao, V.P. 1982. Development of resistance to ergot in pearl millet. Phytopathology 72:406-408. Thakur R.P., and Chahal, S.S. 1987. Problems and strategies in the biology and control of ergot and smut of pearl millet. Pages 173-182 in Proceedings, Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986. ICRISAT Center, India, Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Williams, RJ., Singh, S.D., and Pawar, M.N. 1981. An improved field screening technique for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Disease 65:239-241. 127
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
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National Research Efforts Crop impr
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America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
Page 174 and 175: cumbing to preemergent damping-off
Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181: sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
Page 182 and 183: pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
Page 184 and 185: the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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